1. Energy Budget

2. Standard and EQ Standard Essential Question
SZ5. Students will evaluate the relationships between humans and other animals.
How do organisms receive energy from other organisms?

3. I Will Be Able To… Describe how organisms coevolve.
Explain why organisms use specific adaptations
Demonstrate how organisms can occupy multiple trophic levels
Explain how organisms receive and give off energy.

4. What is an energy budget?
Ways Energy is Used/Lost
An account of an animal’s total energy intake and how that energy is used and lost.
Gross energy intake: total energy lost a excretory energy, plus energy assimilated for existence and productive functions. (In short: this is the TOTAL amount of energy obtained from an organism’s food)
Excretory Energy
Existence Energy
Productive Energy

5. Excretory Energy Loss Energy that is lost due to excretion
Excretion: waste removal.
Ex: sweat, feces, etc.

6. Existence Energy Loss
Energy required to support body maintenance and general activities:
Pumping blood
Exchanging gases
Supporting repair processes

7. Productive Energy Loss
Energy devoted to growth, mating, nesting, and caring for young.
Uses the leftover energy from excretion and existence.
Survival requires enough energy to perform these functions.

8. Trophic Structure

9. Trophic Structure Biomass Trophic Level Labels
Total mass of all organisms in an ecosystem
Producer/ Autotroph
Primary Consumer
Secondary Consumer
Tertiary Consumer
Quaternary Consumer
Decomposer

10. Biomass Conversion Efficiency
Efficiency of converting food into a new biomass by an animal depends on the type of food.
Average efficiency of biomass conversion is 10%
Efficiency ranges from <1% for some herbivores to 35% for some carnivores.
Why?

11. Interspecific Interactions

12. Herbivory vs. Predation
The process of an organism(s) feeing on plants.
The process of an organism(s) feeding on other organisms.
How does this relate to a food web?

13. Effects of Interspecific Competition
Interspecific Competition: Competition of different species.
This results in a few different options for one (or more) of the species:
Relocation
Coexistence
Extinction

14. Coexistence
Living peacefully in the same area as another other organism(s).
Can occur under two conditions:
Species utilize resources differently
Effects of interspecific competition are less severe than the effects of intraspecific competition.

15. Coevolution Definition When does this occur?
The evolution of ecologically related species such that each species exerts a strong selective influence on the other.
Species are competing for the same resources
Predator-prey interactions
Ex: Flowers and Pollinators, Bird Beaks with Some Plants.
(VC): Heather & Orange Breasted Sun Bird

16. Interspecific Adaptations
Camouflage
Cryptic Coloration
Countershading
Aposematic Coloration
Mimicry

17. Types of Camouflage
Camouflage: colors and patterns that enable the organism to blend into its environment or appear to be something it is not
Cryptic Coloration: when an organism has the same color or pattern as its background
Countershading: when an organism is two-toned. Light and dark colors reduce visual cues to predators
Common in frog and toad eggs

18. Other Interspecific Adaptations
Aposematic Coloration: Advertise that the animal is dangerous or distasteful by obvious coloration.
Example: Skunk stripes
Mimicry: one species evolves to resemble another species for protection or other advantages
Example: King snake