1. Transformations of Functions
1.7
Transformations of Functions
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2. Objectives
Use vertical and horizontal shifts to sketch graphs of functions.
Use reflections to sketch graphs of functions.
Use nonrigid transformations to sketch graphs of functions.

3. Shifting Graphs

4. Shifting Graphs
Many functions have graphs that are transformations of the parent graphs. For example, you can obtain the graph of h(x) = x2 + 2 by shifting the graph of f (x) = x2 up two units, as shown in Figure 1.49.
Figure 1.49

5. Shifting Graphs
In function notation, h and f are related as follows. h(x) = x2 + 2 = f (x) + 2 Similarly, you can obtain the graph of g(x) = (x – 2)2 by shifting the graph of f (x) = x2 to the right two units, as shown in Figure 1.50.
Upward shift of two units
Figure 1.50

6. Shifting Graphs
In this case, the functions g and f have the following relationship. g(x) = (x – 2)2 = f (x – 2) The following list summarizes this discussion about horizontal and vertical shifts.
Right shift of two units

7. Instructor’s Note
Please keep in mind that the rule for horizontal shifting is counter-intuitive. Adding a positive number to the argument shifts the graph to the left, while subtracting a positive number from the argument shifts the graph to the right.

8. Shifting Graphs
Some graphs can be obtained from combinations of vertical and horizontal shifts, as demonstrated in Example 1(b). Vertical and horizontal shifts generate a family of functions, each with the same shape but at a different location in the plane.

9. Shifting Graphs
When analyzing the graphs of transformations of functions, it is helpful to begin by looking at the independent variable and then analyzing the transformations by moving outward. Keep in mind the manipulations that occur inside the argument of the parent function versus the manipulations that occur outside the argument of the parent function.

10. Example 1 – Shifts in the Graphs of a Function
Use the graph of f (x) = x3 to sketch the graph of each function. a. g(x) = x3 – 1 b. h(x) = (x + 2)3 + 1 Solution: a. Relative to the graph of f (x) = x3, the graph of g(x) = x3 – 1 is a downward shift of one unit, as shown at the right.

11. Example 1 – Solution
cont’d
b. Relative to the graph of f (x) = x3, the graph of h(x) = (x + 2)3 + 1 involves a left shift of two units and an upward shift of one unit, as shown below.

12. Shifting Graphs
In Example 1(b), you obtain the same result when the vertical shift precedes the horizontal shift or when the horizontal shift precedes the vertical shift.

13. Reflecting Graphs

14. Reflecting Graphs
Another common type of transformation is a reflection. For instance, if you consider the x-axis to be a mirror, then the graph of h(x) = –x2 is the mirror image (or reflection) of the graph of f (x) = x2, as shown in Figure 1.51.
Figure 1.51

15. Reflecting Graphs

16. Example 2 – Writing Equations from Graphs
The graph of the function f (x) = x4 is shown in Figure 1.52.
Figure 1.52

17. Example 2 – Writing Equations from Graphs
cont’d
Each of the graphs below is a transformation of the graph of f. Write an equation for each of these functions.
(a)
(b)

18. Example 2 – Solution
a. The graph of g is a reflection in the x-axis followed by an upward shift of two units of the graph of f (x) = x4. So, the equation for g is g(x) = –x b. The graph of h is a horizontal shift of three units to the right followed by a reflection in the x-axis of the graph of f (x) = x4. So, the equation for h is h(x) = –(x – 3)4.

19. Reflecting Graphs
When sketching the graphs of functions involving square roots, remember that you must restrict the domain to exclude negative numbers inside the radical. For instance, here are the domains of the functions:

20. Checkpoint 3

21. Checkpoint 3 (Solution)

22. Checkpoint 3 (Solution)

23. Nonrigid Transformations

24. Nonrigid Transformations
Horizontal shifts, vertical shifts, and reflections are rigid transformations because the basic shape of the graph is unchanged. These transformations change only the position of the graph in the coordinate plane. Nonrigid transformations are those that cause a distortion—a change in the shape of the original graph.

25. Nonrigid Transformations
For instance, a nonrigid transformation of the graph of y = f (x) is represented by g(x) = cf (x), where the transformation is a vertical stretch when c > 1 and a vertical shrink when 0 < c < 1. Another nonrigid transformation of the graph of y = f (x) is represented by h(x) = f (cx), where the transformation is a horizontal shrink when c > 1 and a horizontal stretch when 0 < c < 1. Note again that the horizontal nonrigid transformations are counterintuitive.

26. Example 4 – Nonrigid Transformations
Compare the graph of each function with the graph of f (x) = | x |. a. h(x) = 3| x | b. g(x) = | x | Solution: a. Relative to the graph of f (x) = | x |, the graph of h(x) = 3| x | = 3f (x) is a vertical stretch (each y-value is multiplied by 3) of the graph of f. (See Figure 1.53.)
Figure 1.53

27. Example 4 – Solution
cont’d
b. Similarly, the graph of g(x) = | x | = f (x) is a vertical shrink (each y-value is multiplied by ) of the graph of f. (See Figure 1.54.)
Figure 1.54

28. Checkpoint 5