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Classical Conditioning

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1 Classical Conditioning

2 Do Now Learning is…

3 Learning Introduction Classical Conditioning A. UCS, UCR, CS, CR
B. Acquisition, Extinction, Spontaneous Recovery C. Stimulus Generalization and Discrimination Operant Conditioning A. Skinner, Reinforcement, and Punishment B. Reinforcement Schedules Observational Learning

4 Learning A process based on experience that results in a relatively permanent change in behavior or behavior potential (e.g., attitudes, values, knowledge).

5 Classical (Pavlovian) Conditioning
A basic form of learning in which a behavior comes to be elicited by a formerly neutral stimulus. An association is learned between two stimuli.

6 Pavlov Russian physiologist studying digestion in dogs
Observed that dogs often salivated at the appearance of the caretaker who fed them Formulated and tested ideas about classical conditioning

7 Stimuli and Responses Unconditioned Stimulus (US or UCS): A stimulus that elicits a particular reflex or reflex-like behavioral response without any prior learning Unconditioned Response (UR or UCR): The unlearned reflex or reflex-like behavioral response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus Conditioned Stimulus (CS): An initially neutral stimulus (i.e., one that does not elicit a response prior to training or learning) that comes to elicit a particular response after being paired with a US that always elicits the response. In second-tier conditioning, the neutral stimulus could be a stimulus that was previously a CS in another learning pair) Conditioned Response (CR): A learned response to a stimulus (the CS) that was not originally capable of eliciting the response.

8 (Orientation to approach
Prior to Conditioning Neutral Stimulus (caretaker) (Orientation to approach but no other response) UCS (food) UCR (salivation)

9 Conditioning Neutral Stimulus (caretaker) CS CR (salivation) UCS
(food)

10 After Conditioning CS (caretaker) CR (salivation)

11

12 More about stimuli and responses
UCS  CS UCR not necessarily the same as CR less intense CR as process associated with UCR (e.g., pain as UCR and fear as CR)

13 Acquisition Period during which CR becomes associated with CS.
Timing is critical (law of association by contiguity) the CS and UCS must occur closely enough that their association is clear to organism works best when CS presented first, followed closely by presentation of UCS Otherwise, the animal would just pay attention to the UCS and never notice the CS Second-order conditioning Former CS now a US

14 Strong Acquisition Strength of the CR Weak Time Trials

15 Extinction The gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response (CR) that occurs because the CS is no longer paired with the UCS

16 Strong Acquisition Extinction Strength of the CR Weak Time Trials

17 Spontaneous Recovery:
The reappearance of an extinguished CR after a rest period

18 Acquisition Extinction Time Trials Rest Period Strong
Strength of the CR Spontaneous Recovery Weak Time Trials

19 Generalization and Discrimination
Stimulus Generalization: once a CR has been conditioned to a particular CS, similar stimuli may also elicit the response Stimulus Discrimination: the process by which an organism learns to respond differently to stimuli that are distinct from the CS on some dimension Pavlov gradually changes shades of gray after conditioning a dog to react to a black square (CS) to such a degree that difference was invisible to the human eye.

20 Classical Conditioning & Phobias
Watson and Little Albert Preconditioning Rat = No Response Striking a steel bar (UCS) = Fear Response (UCR) Conditioning: Rat & Strike steel bar = Fear Response Postconditioning: Rat (CS) = Fear Response (CR) Generalization: After this, Albert scared of any fuzzy white thing (rabbit, fur coat, Watson’s hair, Santa Claus mask)

21 Rules for Conditioning
CS must precede US CS must signal heightened occurrence of US Conditioning ineffective when animal already has a good predictor for US Blocking Effect

22 Psychoneuroimmunology
Associations can cause weakened immune systems CS: saccharin UCS: cyclophosphamide (weakened immune system response) Control: only saccharin Results: rats in experimental group (learned association) decreased immune response w/o presence of Cyclophosphamide Learning so strong some rats died after drinking only the saccharin solution Placebo maintained low blood pressure after S stopped taking medication CS: Saccharin USC: Hen-white lysozyme (upregulate immune response) Results: one learned association formed positive immune response after taking saccharin

23 Counterconditioning Therapeutic technique involving the substitution of a new conditioned response for a maladaptive one. Mary Cover Jones (1924) and Peter Preconditioning Rabbit (CS) = Fear (CR) Favorite foods (UCS) = Pleasant feelings (UCR) Conditioning Rabbit & Eat favorite foods = Pleasant feelings Postconditioning Rabbit (CS) = Pleasant feelings (CR)

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