1. 10/3- Unit 4 Cells Agenda: Video- Amoeba Sisters Pro vs Eu
Unit 4 Notes
WS-Cell Organelles
Important Dates:
10/6 Midterm
10/13 Quiz- Organelles/ Function
10/20 Quiz- Cell Membrane /Transport
10/28 Unit 4 Cells Test
10/31 Unit 4 USA Test Prep Due

3. Practice Test Questions…..
Unit 4 Cells
Be Reading Ch 3
Practice Test Questions…..

4. How did cells get their name?
Cell Discovery
How did cells get their name?
Robert Hooke
Made a simple microscope
Looked at a piece of cork under his microscope
Looked like little chambers in a monastery
The monks lived in chambers called cells
Hooke called the chambers in the cork “cells”

5. The Discovery of Cells
In 1674, Dutch tradesman Anton van Leeuwenhoek was studying new methods for making microscope lenses and observed cells in greater detail.

6. Cell Theory All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
Cells are the basic unit of structure and organization of all living organisms.
3. All existing cells are produced from other living cells, with cells passing copies of their genetic material on to their daughter cells.

7. Practice Test Question #1
Who gave cells their name?
Charles Darwin
Robert Hooke
Albert Einstein
Gregory Mendel

8. Practice Test Question #2
Which of the following statements is supported by the Cell Theory to identify if an amoeba is composed of a cell?
Amoebas have the ability to split to create another genetically identical amoeba.
Amoebas can move and hunt for food.
Amoebas need oxygen.
Amoebas must eat.

9. Cell Structure & Function

10. What is a Cell?
All living things are made up of tiny units called cells. They are the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms.

11. Organelles
The inside of a cell has even smaller parts called organelles, or tiny organs.
Each organelle has a special function, needed by the cell to survive or perform its particular task.

12. Pro has NO nucleus Basic Cell Types
What are the two basic types of cells?
1. Prokaryotes: Cells do NOT have a nucleus or organelles.
Example: ALL Bacteria…E. coli, Strep, & Salmonella
How to Remember “Trick”…
Pro has NO nucleus

13. Prokaryotes Pro hs NO nucleus Has NO Nucleus
Has Nucleoid (like a nucleus…but not a real one)
Has NO organelles
REMEMBER….
Pro hs NO nucleus

14. Eu has TRUE nucleus Basic Cell Types
What are the two basic types of cells?
2. Eukaryotes: Cells HAVE a nucleus and organelles.
Examples: Plants, animals, fungus…All other cells
How to Remember “Trick”…
Eu has TRUE nucleus

15. Eukaryotes REMEMBER…. Eu has TRUE nucleus Has a true/real Nucleus
Has many different organelles
REMEMBER….
Eu has TRUE nucleus

16. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic

17. Nucleus What is a nucleus?
A distinct central organelle that contains the cell’s genetic information in the form of DNA.
Controls all of the cell’s activities

18. Parts of the Nucleus … Nucleolus Nuclear Envelope
Dense region where ribosomes are assembled
Center of the nucleus
The double membrane that surrounds the nucleus

19. Parts of the Nucleus … Chromatin Chromosomes
A loose combination of DNA and proteins
Genetic material

20. Practice Test Question #3
If a cell has a nucleus, it is considered a(n):
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Plant
Animal

21. Practice Test Question #4
If a cell does NOT have a nucleus, it is considered a(n):
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Plant
Animal

22. Practice Test Question #5
Which of the following is an example of an eukaryote?
a Virus
Staphylococcus
a sunflower
HIV

23. Practice Test Question #6
Which of the following is an example of a prokaryote?
mushrooms
E. coli
an oak tree
humans

24. Cytoplasm .
                                             
The cytoplasm is the substance surrounding the visible vacuoles in this cell.
Jelly like

25. Cell Organelles Function More Info Location
Cytoskeleton
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes

26. Cytoskeleton
Defined: Supporting network of protein fibers that provide a framework for the cell within the cytoplasm
Function: Aids in cell & organelle movement & support
2 substructures: Mircotubules & Microfilaments

27. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Cell Organelles Function More Info Location
Microfilaments & Microtubules
Supporting network
Cytoskeleton
Plants & Animals
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes

28. 1000s Can be found attached to E.R. or free floating in the cell
Ribosomes
Defined: Directs the production of proteins by linking together amino acids
Function: Synthesize/make proteins
1000s Can be found attached to E.R. or free floating in the cell
Turn volume down

29. Ribosomes

30. Cell Organelles Function More Info Location
Microfilaments & Microtubules
Supporting network
Cytoskeleton
Plants & Animals
Make proteins
Free & attached
Ribosomes
Plants & Animals
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes

31. Endoplasmic Reticulum Transportation System of the Cell
Defined: Highly folded membrane system in eukaryotic cells that is the site for protein and lipid synthesis.
Function: When rough (ribosomes on surface), proteins are made here & transports. Smooth: makes lipids, no ribosomes

32. Endoplasmic Reticulum - ER

33. Smooth vs. Rough ER
Ribosomes
No Ribosomes

34. Cell Organelles Function More Info Location
Microfilaments & Microtubules
Supporting network
Cytoskeleton
Plants & Animals
Make proteins
Free & attached
Ribosomes
Plants & Animals
Transport system
Rough ER (ribosomes attached)
Smooth ER
(No ribosomes attached)
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Plants & Animals
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes

35. Golgi Apparatus Packager of the Cell
Defined: Flattened stack of tubular membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins into vesicles and transports them to another organelle or out of the cell.
Function: Modifies and packages proteins

36. Cell Organelles Function More Info Location
Microfilaments & Microtubules
Supporting network
Cytoskeleton
Plants & Animals
Make proteins
Free & attached
Ribosomes
Plants & Animals
Transport system
Rough ER (ribosomes attached)
Smooth ER
(No ribosomes attached)
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Plants & Animals
Modifies & packages proteins
Golgi Apparatus
Create lysosomes
Plants & Animals
Lysosomes

37. Lysosomes Clean Up Crew
Defined: Vesicle that uses enzymes to digest excess or worn-out cellular substances.
Produced by the Golgi Body & defends the cell from viruses and bacteria
Function: Digests

38. Lysosomes

39. Cell Organelles Function More Info Location
Microfilaments & Microtubules
Supporting network
Cytoskeleton
Plants & Animals
Make proteins
Free & attached
Ribosomes
Plants & Animals
Transport system
Rough ER (ribosomes attached)
Smooth ER
(No ribosomes attached)
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Plants & Animals
Modifies & packages proteins
Golgi Apparatus
Create lysosomes
Plants & Animals
Digests food
& dead organelles
Filled with enzymes
Lysosomes
Plants & Animals

40. Practice Test Question #7
This “liquid” surrounds the organelles inside the cell:
Water
Cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton
Saline

41. Practice Test Question #8
This organelle is composed of microfilaments and micotubules:
Lysosome
Ribosome
Cytoskeleton
Endoplasmic reticulum

42. Practice Test Question #9
This organelle synthesizes proteins:
Lysosome
Ribosome
Cytoskeleton
Endoplasmic reticulum

43. Practice Test Question #10
This organelle modifies proteins:
Lysosome
Ribosome
Golgi Apparatus
Endoplasmic reticulum

44. Practice Test Question #11
This organelle is filled with enzymes for digestion purposes:
Lysosome
Ribosome
Golgi Apparatus
Endoplasmic reticulum

45. Mitochondria Powerhouse of the Cell
Defined: Membrane-bound organelle that converts fuel into energy that is available to the rest of the cell.
Function: Converts food into energy = Cellular respiration

46. Mitochondria
The cell uses this energy to do its work. The more active the cell, the more mitochondria it has.
A human liver cell contains more than 1000 mitochondria.

47. Cell Organelles Function More Info Location
Vacuole
Cilia &
Flagella
Converts food into energy
Cellular Respiration
Powerhouse
Mitochondria
Plants & Animals
Chloroplast
Cell Wall

48. Chloroplast
Defined: Double-membrane organelle that captures light energy & converts it to chemical energy (glucose) through photosynthesis.
Function: Coverts light, H2O, & CO2 into food = Photosynthesis

50. Chloroplasts

51. Cell Organelles Function More Info Location
Vacuole
Cilia &
Flagella
Converts food into energy
Cellular Respiration
Powerhouse
Mitochondria
Plants & Animals
Plants ONLY
Makes food from sunlight
Chloroplast
Photosynthesis
Cell Wall

52. Cell Wall Fungi Organism Plants Bacteria Chitin Cellulose
Defined: In plants, the rigid barrier that surrounds the outside of the plasma membrane, is made of cellulose, and provides support & protection to the cell.
Function: In plants, bacteria, & fungi provides support
Organism
Cell Wall is made of:
Plants
Cellulose
Bacteria
Peptidoglycan
Fungi
Chitin

53. Cell Organelles Function More Info Location
Vacuole
Cilia &
Flagella
Converts food into energy
Cellular Respiration
Powerhouse
Mitochondria
Plants & Animals
Plants ONLY
Makes food from sunlight
Chloroplast
Photosynthesis
Supports & protects
NOT found in animals!
Plants
Bacteria
Fungus
Cell Wall

54. 10/4 Agenda: Finish Notes from Yesterday
Do eukaryote/prokaryote venn diagram
Little Mito endosymbiotic theory reading &questions

55. Vacuole:Storage
Defined: Membrane-bound vesicle for temporary storage of materials such as food, water, enzymes, and wastes.
Function: Storage. Plant cells have one large central vacuole, animal cells have many small ones

56. Cell Organelles Function More Info Location
Vacuole
Cilia &
Flagella
Converts food into energy
Cellular Respiration
Powerhouse
Mitochondria
Plants & Animals
Plants ONLY
Makes food from sunlight
Chloroplast
Photosynthesis
Supports & protects
NOT found in animals!
Plants
Bacteria
Fungus
Cell Wall
Very large in plants
Stores water, food, & waste
Plants & Animals

57. Cilia & Flagella
Cilia: Hair-like projections that functions in cell movement
Flagella: Long tail-like projection with a whip-like motion that helps a cell swim.
Cell Video without words
Flagella

58. Cell Organelles Function More Info Location
Vacuole
Cilia &
Flagella
Converts food into energy
Cellular Respiration
Powerhouse
Mitochondria
Plants & Animals
Plants ONLY
Makes food from sunlight
Chloroplast
Photosynthesis
Supports & protects
NOT found in animals!
Plants
Bacteria
Fungus
Cell Wall
Very large in plants
Stores water, food, & waste
Plants & Animals
Aids in swimming
Cilia (many hairlike)
Flagella (whip like)
Plants & Animals

59. Practice Test Question #12
These are hair-like and aid cells in swimming/locomotion:
Cilia
Flagella
Flagellum
Tails

60. Practice Test Question #13
Photosynthesis occurs here:
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
Cell Wall
Vacuole

61. Practice Test Question #14
These two organelles are NOT found in animal cells:
Chloroplast & Mitochondria
Cilia & Vacuoles
Cell Wall & Chloroplast
Mitochondria & Vacuoles

62. Practice Test Question #15
These are very large in plants and provides support when filled with water:
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
Cell Wall
Vacuole

63. Practice Test Question #16
Which of the following has a cell wall?
Mushroom
Sunflower
E. coli
All of the above

64. Endosymbiotic Theory and Virus Notes

66. Endosymbiotic Theory
Endosymbiotic Theory proposes that eukaryotic cells arose from living communities formed by prokaryotic organisms.
Endo- means inside
-symbiotic means relationship

67. Endosymbiotic Theory Prokaryotes entered ancestral eukaryotes
Prokaryotes did NOT act as a parasite by infecting
the host (eukaryote)
Eukaryotes did NOT digest the prokaryotes
Instead, the smaller prokaryotes began LIVING
inside the larger cell – giving rise to eukaryotes

69. Click Here For Animation Tutorial
Endosymbiotic Theory
1st - Mitochondria & Chloroplasts have DNA similar to bacterial DNA.
2nd – Mitochondria & Chloroplasts have ribosomes whose size & structure resembles those of bacteria.
3rd – Like bacteria, Mitochondria & Chloroplasts reproduce by binary fission when the cells containing them divide by mitosis.
Click Here For Animation Tutorial

70. Practice Test Question #17
Which of the following summarizes the Endosymbiotic Theory?
Mitochondria & chloroplasts in eukaryotes were once prokaryotes
Ribosomes & lysosomes in eukaryotes were once prokaryotes
Mitochondria & chloroplasts are now found inside prokaryotes
None of the above

71. Practice Test Question #18
Which of the following are true?
Mitochondria has DNA similar to prokaryotes
Ribosomes in eukaryotes are similar to prokaryotes
When mitochondria create more of themselves, they divide similar to how prokaryotes divide
All of the above

72. Viruses
Virus comes from the Latin word for “poison”
Virus are particles of nucleic acid, protein, and in some cases lipids that can reproduce only by infecting living cells.
Viruses are so small that they can only be seen using an electron microscope.
Flu Virus
Ebola Virus
AIDS Virus
Bacteriaphage

73. Viruses Viruses have NO organelles!
A typical virus is composed of a core of either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat.
Common Cold Virus
Small Pox Virus
Polio Virus
Herpes Virus

74. Viruses A virus’s outer protein coat is called its capsid.
A capsid is an outer protein coat that enables a virus to enter a host cell.
The capsid binds to the surface of a cell and “tricks” the cell into allowing it inside.

75. Viruses Once inside the cell, the viral genes take over.
The cell transcribes (reads and copies) the viral genes, putting the genetic program of the virus into effect.
And often times the virus destroys the host cell

76. Click here to compare size!
Viruses
Vaccine: A preparation of a weakened or killed pathogen, upon injection, stimulates antibody production or cellular immunity against the pathogen but is incapable of causing severe infection (sickness).
A world wide vaccination program was able to eliminate smallpox!
Antibiotics NEVER cure viral infections!!...ONLY Bacteria
Click here to compare size!
Small pox

77. Viruses Video

78. Compare & Contrast Cells & Viruses
Copy this!
Viruses
Bacteria
(cells)
Both
Must have host to reproduce
Reproduces on their own
DNA or RNA
Has organelles
Has NO organelles
Cause disease
Large in size
Extremely small in size
Cell wall for protection
Capsid for protection

79. Practice Test Question #19
Which of the following statements is true about viruses?
Viruses do not have DNA
Viruses must have a host to reproduce
Antibiotics kill viruses
Viruses have organelles

80. Practice Test Question #20
Which of the following is the smallest?
White blood cell
Pollen
Bacteria
Virus

81. Practice Test Question #21
Which of the following do viruses NOT have?
Organelles
Capsid
Genetic material
They have all of the above

82. Practice Test Question #22
DNA is located here:
Chloroplast
Nucleus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles

83. Prokaryote VS Eukaryote Venn Diagram
On a sheet of paper.
Were the first cells
Use the following words/phrases to complete your Venn diagram
All are bacteria
Have a membrane
No nucleus
Some have a flagella
Small and simple
Have a cytoskeleton
Have ribosomes
Includes everything that’s not a bacteria
Have a nucleus
Have organelles
No organelles
Have cytoplasm
Unicellular and multicellular

84. The End

85. Animal Cell

86. Plant Cell

87. Answers
1. B 6. C 11. A 16. D
2. D 7. B 12. A 17. A
3. A 8. C 13. C 18. D
4. B 9. B 14. D 19. B
5. A 10. C 15. B 20. D
21. A
22. B