1. Prokaryotes
Bacteria
& Archaea

2. Learning Objectives What are the basic characteristics of bacteria?
What are the 2 kingdoms of prokaryotes & what differentiates the 2.
3 basic shapes.
Identify the basic structure of a prokaryote as well as the additional structures that can be found in certain species.
Understand several impacts of bacterial processes.
Relate to several species of prokaryote..

3. Bacteria Prokaryotes = before nucleus. First organisms on Earth
Evolving on Earth for last 3.5 – 4 billion years
Lack nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Exist in variety of environments

4. How are Prokaryotes classified?
Previously only based on structure & physiology
Currently genetics (rRNA sequences) used to distinguish 2 Different Kingdoms

5. Structure of Bacteria All Have: Can also have: Cell Membrane DNA
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Can also have:
Capsule
Plasmid
Cell Wall
Pili
Flagella

6. Two Kingdoms For Prokaryotes
Kingdom Archae (Archaea) – found in extreme environments
Kingdom Eubacteria (Monera) – bacteria you come in contact with every day

7. Kingdom Archaea “Extremophiles” = Found in extreme environments
Halophiles = VERY salty conditions, like the Great Salt Lake.
Thermophiles = Very hot environments, like the hot springs in Yellowstone, Wyoming…
…and Fly Geyser, Nevada.

8. Kingdom Archaea Methanogens = produce methane Halophiles = salt loving
Anaerobic (Can’t live in O2)
Convert H2 and CO2 into Methane
Swamps, sewage, guts of cows, termites
Halophiles = salt loving
salt beds
Thermophiles = hot, acidic environments
Hydrothermal vents, hot springs

9. Kingdom Eubacteria (Monera)
Close to 40 Phyla
Three Main Shapes
Bacilli
Cocci
Spirilla

10. Reproduction & Genetic Recombination
Reproduces by binary fission 
Genetics can be altered through…
Transformation: DNA from external environment
Transduction: virus carries DNA from one host bacterium to its next host
Conjugation: Transfer of genetic info between 2 bacteria cells via the plasmid

11. Beneficial Bacterial In Industry
Food production- Yogurt, buttermilk, sour cream
Streptococcus sanfranciscus
Lactobacillus acidophilus
The enzyme Taq DNA Polymerase, used to mass produce DNA, comes from Thermus aquaticus
Biofuels, medicine, water purification, etc. etc.
Environmental Cleanup: oil spills
Bacteria essential to healthy soil.

12. Good Bacteria: Health
“Flora”: E. coli- lives in human intestinal tract
Aids in break down of food, formation of vitamin B & K.
Up to 1000 different types of bacteria can live in your intestinal tract
Hundreds of other species live in and on you…
Their numbers exceed the billions.

13. Antibiotics & Resistance
Antibiotics are drugs that combat bacteria by interfering with its life functions
Penicillin-interferes w/ cell wall synthesis
Tetracylcine-interferes with protein synthesis
Erythromyocine-prevents protein
Antibiotic Resistance seen in bacteria has increased with increased use of antibiotics
Steadily increasing since 1940’s
Developed from some bacteria and molds, also chemically synthesized

14. Bacterial Impacts: Detrimental
Produce exotoxins – secreted proteins - causes dehydration
Ex. Most bacterial infections
Ex. Anthrax
Some release endotoxins when they die as cell wall breaks down
Example typhoid fever and food poisoning

15. Bacteria and Disease Strep throat Pathology is the study of disease
Bacteria cause infections with very different pathologies.
Species Disease
B. Anthracis Anthrax
T. pallidum Syphilis
Y. pestis Bubonic Plague
V. chloerae Cholera
R. prowazekii Typhoid Fever
C. trachomatis Chlamydia
N. gonorrhoeae Gonorrhea
S. pharyngitis Strep Throat
M. tuberculosis Tuberculosis
Necrotizing fasciitis
Staphylococcus infection

16. Other ways Bacteria are further categorized… By Metabolism
Cyanobacteria
Nitrifying bacteria, like those that create ammonia in the nitrogen cycle

17. Other ways Bacteria are further categorized… By Cell Membrane/Wall ConstructionV

18. Classwork/Homework Complete the worksheet. Use CH20 as a resource.
20pts HW