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The Science of Classifying Organisms

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1 The Science of Classifying Organisms
TAXONOMY The Science of Classifying Organisms

2 Imagine walking into a supermarket with a list of items…
Eggs, bread, beans, rice, apples Are there items on the list that you’ll find closer than others?   Are all grocery stores laid out in about the same way?

3 Now, with your neighbor, Create a list of all of the flying organisms you can think of. Who got the most? Now divide your list into 2-4 groups

4 Is it ok to have different groupings?
Scientists do! Taxonomy is dynamic Biologists often group and then regroup when new information is found.  A hyena was once classified in the same group as dogs (canines), but DNA evidence now suggests it is more closely related to cats (felines).

5 Scientists also need a way to *NAME* organisms
The “common names” used by people can sometimes be misleading or confusing In order to communicate effectively, biologists need a CONSISTENT naming protocol. *Check out these slides of confusing names…..

6 Sea Lion? Antlion? Lion? Photo Credits Sea Lion: Bill Lim
Ant Lion: Amphioxus Lion: law_keven Sea Lion? Antlion? Lion?

7 Which one of these is NOT actually a bear?
Photo Credits Panda: Chi King Koala: Belgianchocolate Black Bear: SparkyLeigh

8 What kind of organism is it
What kind of organism is it? (invertebrate, mammal, insect, fish, reptile..) Sea Monkey Firefly Ringworm Jellyfish Spider monkey Crayfish Sea Horse Photo Credit: Audringje; flickr

9 Consider this……….. Are all “Grey Wolves” gray?
Are all “Black Bears” black? Which is more venomous – a water moccasin or a cottonmouth? Grey wolves can be white, black and any shade of gray. Black bears can also be brown or gray A cottonmouth and a water moccasin are the same animal – the names vary by region.

10 Naming and Organizing are part of the same process
The system was developed by Carolus Linnaeus who used Greek and Latin names for organisms He also created a system where we place all organisms into a few *large* groups - KINGDOMS - and then those groups are further divided into smaller groups

11 Grouping Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Each group gets smaller and more specific – just think of the way you file things on your computer into folders and subfolders

12 To help you remember the list
DUMB KING PHILIP CAME OVER FOR GROSS SOUP Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

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14 Humans The scientific name is always the genus + species
Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Primate Family Hominidae Genus Homo Species sapiens The scientific name is always the genus + species Humans = Homo sapiens Photo by atomicshark

15 What are the scientific names of each of these organisms?
Lion Tiger Pintail Duck Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Aves Order Carnivora Anseriformes Family Felidae Anatidae Genus Panthera Anas Species leo tigris acouta What are the scientific names of each of these organisms?

16 More on Naming... The system of naming is called BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE - which means it is a 2-name naming system. Scientific names must either be underlined or italicized The Genus is always Capitalized, the species is lowercase Can be abbreviated. Ex. P. leo and P. tigris

17 What is a species? Defined as organisms that can interbreed with one another, and produce fertile offspring

18 Check for Understanding
1.  Fill in the blanks:   Kingdom,  _____________,  Class, Order,  ________________,  Genus,  _______________ 2.  Which two groups are used for an organism's scientific name?  3.  Which of the following pairs is MOST closely related?             Acer rubrum  &  Acer  saccharum             Acer rubrum  &  Chenopodium ligris 4. The system we use for naming is called  ____________ nomenclature. 5.  The science of classification is called ________________

19 Domains 3 Domains: Archaea Bacteria Eukarya Archaea aka archaebacteria
Eubacteria Eukarya Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia Some scientists think that bacteria and archaea have no true species bc they transfer genes between species, as defined by the Linnaean system

20 The Kingdoms There are currently 6 kingdoms – all organisms can be placed into one of those 6. Classification into a kingdom is based on certain criteria Number of cells How it obtains energy (how we eat, not what) Type of cell Autotrophs, heterotrophs, mixotrophs, decomposer

21 Kingdom Animalia Multicellular Heterotrophic (must consume food)
Photo by Tambako the Jaguar Multicellular Heterotrophic (must consume food) Eukaryotic (cells have a nucleus) Examples: birds, insects, worms, mammals, reptiles, humans Photo by Eduardo Amorim

22 Kingdom Plantae Multicellular
Autotrophic (can make own food; photosynthesis) Eukaryotic (cells have nucleus) Photo by hira3

23 Kingdom Fungae Multicellular (most) Heterotrophic (mainly decomposers)
Eukaryotic Photos by nutmeg66

24 Kingdom Protista Most are unicellular
Can be hetertrophic or autotrophic Eukaryotes (all have nucleus) Examples: Ameba, paramecium, euglena, algae Most live in water Photo of Ameba by PROYECTO AGUA **/** WATER PROJECT

25 Kingdom Eubacteria & Kingdom Archaebacteria
Unicellular Can be autotrophic or heterotrophic Prokaryotes (do not have a nucleus) Eubacteria = common bacteria (E. coli, Salmonella) Archaebacteria = “ancient bacteria”, exist in extreme environments

26

27 Taxonomy Clades and Keys

28 Evolutionary Classification
Phylogeny = the study of evolutionary relationships Biologists now group organisms into categories that represent evolutionary descent (and not just physical similarities) How would you classify a hyena? Would you group it with cats or dogs? Photo credit flickr: ibeatty

29 Derived Characters Characteristics that appear more recently in a group but are not seen in older organisms Derived characters are used to construct a CLADOGRAM • a diagram that shows evolutionary relationships

30 Cladograms A diagram that shows evolutionary relationships

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32

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34 Identifying Unknown Organisms
When biologists do field studies, they often encounter new specimens that they would need to identify FIELD GUIDES often contain pictures for referencing organisms

35 Dichotomous Keys A step-by-step guide to help identify an organism
What am I?? A step-by-step guide to help identify an organism Follows a series of choices that lead you to the organism’s name Photo Credit: Sam? (Flickr)

36 1. Has green colored body ......go to 2
Has purple colored body go to 4 2. Has 4 legs .....go to 3 Has 8 legs Deerus octagis 3. Has a tail Deerus pestis Does not have a tail Deerus magnus 4. Has a pointy hump Deerus humpis Does not have a pointy hump.....go to Has ears Deerus purplinis Does not have ears Deerus deafus

37 Check for Understanding
A diagram that shows an evolutionary relationship is a ________________________ A characteristic that appears only in recent members is called a ________________ character The study of evolutionary relationships is called __________________________ A system to find the name of an unknown organism is a _______________________ key

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