1. TAXONOMY
BY SHAKTI NADAR
BSc BOTANY

2. INTRODUCTION

3. INTRODUCTION MORPHOLOGY: STUDYOF EXTERNAL FORM & STRUCTURE
ANATOMY: STUDY OF INTERNAL (SECTIONS) STRUCTURES
HISTOLOGY: STUDY OF TISSUES UNDER MICROSCOPE
PHYSIOLOGY: STUDYOF PROCESSES & FUNCTIONS OF ORGANISMS

4. IT IS THE MOST FUNDAMENTAL BRANCH OF BIOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
TAXONOMY:
IT IS THE MOST FUNDAMENTAL BRANCH OF BIOLOGY
IT DEALS WITH THE IDENTIFICATION, CLASSIFICATION & NOMENCLATURE OF LIVING ORGANISMS

5. INTRODUCTION
SYSTEMATICS: THE STUDY OF ORGANISMS COMPARITIVE & EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS
CLASSIFICATION: IT IS A SUB-TOPIC OF SYSTEMATICS, DELS WITH ORDERING OF ORGANISMS
TAXONOMY: IT IS THE STUDY OF PRINCIPLES & PROCEDURE OF CLASSIFICATION

6. EVOLUTION
EVOLUTION is study of cumulative changes in the characteristics of population & organisms that occur during the course of time in response to changes in the environment
The theory of evolution is the foundation upon which all of modern biology is built
Charles Darwin

7. HISTORY
Charles Darwin ( ) provided concepts of evolutionary change through time
Subsequent botanists incorporated these into classifications
A different way to view taxagroupings on an evolutionary tree

8. Cont… Knowledge commonly inscribed on walls of temples (e.g., Karnak)
Systematic knowledge originated as medicinal and economically useful plants during Egyptian times
Increasing written lore on uses of plants as medicines, food, ornamentals

9. Cont…
Theophrastus ( B.C.), pupil of Aristotle, created first “artificial” plant groupings based on habit (De Historia Plantarum)
Dioscorides (ca. 60 A.D.) wrote treatise on medicinal plants (De Materia Medica)
Greeks and Romans expanded knowledge to other plant life

10. SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION
ARTIFICIAL SYSTEM :
CARLOS LINNAEUS
HABBIT OF PLANT
NO. & UNION LENGTH
OF STAMEN
PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEM :
ADOLF ENGLER & KARL PRANTL
EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
GENITIC RELATIONSHIP
ETC
NATURAL SYSTEM :
BENTHAM & HOOKER
NATURAL AFFINITIES

11. Why is classification important?
THERE ARE MANY ORGANISMS

12. Why is classification important?
SOME ARE SIMILAR

13. Why is classification important?
SOME ARE LESS SIMILAR

14. Why is classification important?
SOME VERY DISSIMILAR

15. Cont… THERE ARE Human mind needs to organize information
~ 1 million species of plants,
5-10 million species of animals
+ fungi, bacteria, etc.
no good estimates of numbers of species
Human mind needs to organize information

16. Cont…
The main aim of a taxonomic study is to assign organism an appropriate place in a systematic framework of classification.
This framework is called TAXONOMIC HIERARCHY

17. TAXONOMIC HIERARCHY Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
King Phil called old fat George stupid.

18. TAXONOMIC HIERARCHY
Kingdom
Division
Class
Cohort
Family
Genus
Species

19. FIVE KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION
Kingdom Monera (Bacteria)
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
R.H.WHITTAKER (1769)

20. FATHER OF TAXONOMY May 23, 1701 - Jan. 10, 1778
Swedish Botanist
May 23,
Jan. 10, 1778
He based his plant classification system on the plant’s method of reproduction and structure of reproductive parts
Introduced ‘binomial
nomenclature’
Carolus Linneaus (aka Karl von Linné)

21. BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
The system of giving scientific names to each of the identified plant or animal.
The names are unique and universally accepted.
Names consist of 2 parts hence called BINOMIAL
Names are in Greek and Latin

22. Cont… 1st part is GENUS NAME - NOUN
2nd part is SPECIES NAME – ADJECTIVE
E.g.
shoe flower-
Hibiscus rosasinensis
lion-
Panthera leo

23. Cont… Three “codes” Animals: Plants, Fungi, algae, etc.: Bacteria Etc:
“International Code of Zoological Nomenclature”
Plants, Fungi, algae, etc.:
“International Code of Botanical Nomenclature”
Bacteria Etc:
“International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes”

24. Plant classification

25. TOPICS COVERED INTRODUTION HISTORY SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION HIERARCHY
FIVE KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION
NOMENCLATURE

26. THANK YOU