1. The Science of Classifying Organisms
TAXONOMY
The Science of Classifying Organisms

2. 17.1 Vocabulary 1. Classification 2. Taxonomy 3. Binomial nomenclature
5. Domain
6. Kingdom
7. Phylum
8. Class
9. Order
10. Family
11. Genus
12. Species

3. Why do we need to classify?
Imagine a store…..how do you know where to find the milk or the cereal? Are they in the same aisle? How is the store “organized”? Are all stores similar?
Imagine your computer or mp3 player…..are all of your songs and files in a single folder or do you have them grouped in some way?

4. ….this is why we CLASSIFY
When you have a lot of information, it is best to organize and group items so that you can find them easier or easily see their relationship to other items
….this is why we CLASSIFY
Even websites must  organize their products

5. Scientists also need a way to *NAME* organisms
The “common names” used by people  can sometimes be misleading or confusing
In order to communicate effectively, biologists need a CONSISTENT naming protocol.
*Check out these slides of confusing names…..

6. Sea Lion? Antlion? Lion? Photo Credits Sea Lion: Bill Lim
Ant Lion: Amphioxus Lion: law_keven
Sea Lion?
Antlion?
Lion?

7. Which one of these is NOT actually a bear?
Photo Credits
Panda: Chi King
Koala: Belgianchocolate
Black Bear: SparkyLeigh

8. What kind of organism is it
What kind of organism is it?(invertebrate, mammal, insect, fish, reptile..)
Sea Monkey
Firefly
Ringworm
Jellyfish
Spider monkey
Crayfish
Sea Horse
Photo Credit: Audringje; flickr

9. Consider this……….. Are all “Grey Wolves” gray?
Are all “Black Bears” black?
Which is more venomous – a water moccasin or a cottonmouth?
Grey wolves can be white, black and any shade of gray.
Black bears can also be brown or gray
A cottonmouth and a water moccasin are the same animal – the names vary by region.

10. Naming and Organizing are part of the same process
The system was developed by Carolus Linnaeus who used Greek and Latin names for organisms
He also created a system where we place all organisms into a few *large* groups - KINGDOMS - and then those groups are further divided into smaller groups

11. Grouping Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Each group gets smaller and more specific – just think of the way you file things on your computer into folders and subfolders
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

12. To help you remember the list
KING PHILIP CAME OVER FOR GREEN SOUP
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

13. Which taxa does the category mammalia go with?

14. Humans The scientific name is always the genus + species
Kingdom
Animalia
Phylum
Chordata
Class
Mammalia
Order
Primate
Family
Hominidae
Genus
Homo
Species
sapiens
The scientific name is always the genus + species
Humans = Homo sapiens
Photo by atomicshark

15. What are the scientific names of each of these organisms?
Lion
Tiger
Pintail Duck
Kingdom
Animalia
Phylum
Chordata
Class
Mammalia
Aves
Order
Carnivora
Anseriformes
Family
Felidae
Anatidae
Genus
Panthera
Anas
Species
Leo
Tigris
acouta
What are the scientific names of each of these organisms?

16. More on Naming..
The system of naming is called BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE - which means it is a 2-name system.
Scientific names must either be underlined or italicized
The genus is always capitalized, the species is lowercase
Can be abbreviated. Ex. F. leo and F. tigris

17. What is a species?
Defined as organisms that can interbreed with one another, and produce fertile offspring

18. Check for Understanding
1.  Fill in the blanks:   Kingdom,  _____________,  Class, Order,  ________________,  Genus,  _______________
2.  Which two groups are used for an organism's scientific name? 
3.  Which of the following pairs is MOST closely related?
            Acer rubrum  &  Acer  saccharum
            Acer rubrum  &  Chenopodium rubrum
4. The system we use for naming is called  ____________ nomenclature.
5.  The science of classification is called ________________

19. 17.2 Vocabulary Phylogeny 2. Characteristic 3. Cladogram
4. Dichotomous key
5. Evolutionary Classification

20. Cladograms
-Branching diagram used to represent the evolutionary history (phylogeny) of a species or group.

21. Dichotomous key
-used to identify species, by asking a series of questions, each of which narrows down the set of organisms base on characteristics.

22. 17.3 Vocabulary 1. Eubacteria 8. Autotrophic
2. Archea Heterotrophic
3. Eukarya Prokaryote
4. Protist Eukaryote
5. Fungus
6. Plantae
7. Animalia

23. Three Domain System    
Recently, scientists have added a group above Kingdom.  Three groups, called DOMAINS, contain each of the six kingdoms.
Domain Eukarya - includes organisms composed of eukaryotic cells (plants, animals, fungi, protists)
Domain Eubacteria - includes all prokaryotic cells, Kingdom Eubacteria
Domain Archaea - includes only "ancient" bacteria, Archaebacteria

24. The Kingdoms
There are currently 6 kingdoms

25. Classification into a kingdom is based on certain criteria
-Number of cells (unicellular or multicellular)
-How it obtains energy (heterotroph or autotroph)
-Type of cell (eukaryote or prokaryote)

26. 1. Heterotroph _______________________________
Quick Vocabulary Lesson
1. Heterotroph _______________________________
2. Autotroph ________________________________
3. Unicellular ________________________________ 4. Multicellular ________________________________
5. Prokaryote ________________________________ 6. Eukaryote _________________________________

27. Kingdom Animalia Multicellular Heterotrophic Eukaryotic
Photo by Tambako the Jaguar
Multicellular
Heterotrophic
Eukaryotic
Do not have a cell wall
Most can move
Live in land, air, & sea
Photo by Eduardo Amorim

28. Kingdom Animalia
Organized in to tissues that are usually organized in to organs
Organs are normally organized in to complex organ systems

29. Kingdom Plantae
Multicellular
Autotrophic
Eukaryotic
Cannot move

30. Kingdom Plantae -There are more than 250,000 species of plants
-Have cell walls made of cellulose
-Few can be parasitic to other plants

31. Kingdom Fungae Unicellular (yeast) or Multicellular (most)
Heterotrophic (mainly decomposers)
Eukaryotic
Photos by nutmeg66

32. Kingdom Fungi -Lack mobility Have cell walls made of chitin
Some are parasitic

33. Kingdom Protista Most are unicellular
Can be heterotrophic or autotrophic
Eukaryotes (all have nucleus)
Examples: Ameba, paramecium, euglena, algae
Most live in water
3 groups animal-like, plant-like, fungus-like
Photo of Ameba by PROYECTO AGUA **/** WATER PROJECT

34. Animal like
-These are heterotrophs by feeding on other organisms or dead organic matter.
-These protozoans are grouped by how they move.
-Some move by cilia (Ciliates) or flagella (Flagellates).
-Some send out cytoplasm-containing extensions of their plasma membranes called pseudopodia (Ameboas).

35. Plant Like
Phytoplankton/algae are multicellular, photosynthetic protists which contain different photosynthetic pigments which gives them different coloration.

36. Fungus Like
protists that obtain energy by decomposing organic materials. Differ from fungus in that they can move around on their own.

37. Kingdom Eubacteria & Kingdom Archaebacteria
Unicellular
Can be autotrophic or heterotrophic
Prokaryotes (do not have a nucleus)
Eubacteria = common bacteria (E. coli, Salmonella)
Archaebacteria = “ancient bacteria”, exist in extreme environments

38. Kingdom Archaea
Older than bacteria but more closely related to our eukaryote ancestors
Have a cell wall and some proteins that eukaryotes have
Called extremophiles because they live in extreme environments

39. Kingdom Eubacteria -Cell walls that contain peptidoglycan
-More abundant than any other organism. Probably more bacteria in you body than people in the world.