1. Date of download: 11/15/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Injury Tolerance and Moment Response of the Knee Joint to Combined Valgus Bending and Shear Loading
J Biomech Eng. 2008;130(3): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Schematic of the experimental setup for knee bending test with an enlarged view of the knee specimen to describe the equations used in the inertial compensation procedure Eqs. . The twin prong impactor was used for 4PT pure bending loading, whereas the single prong impactor (in transparent dashed lines) was used for 3PT combined loading. The geometrical dimension LM:V refers to the magnitude of the M:V for the test setup (refer to Bose ). MF, VF and MK, Vk denote the bending moment and shear force, recorded at the load cell and estimated at the knee joint center, respectively. XF and Xk are the distances between the midsection of the six-axis load cell and the center of gravity (CG) of the proximal knee segment, and between the CG of the proximal knee segment and the distal end of the femoral condyles. ϴ and u denote the angular and linear displacements of the proximal knee segment.

2. Date of download: 11/15/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Injury Tolerance and Moment Response of the Knee Joint to Combined Valgus Bending and Shear Loading
J Biomech Eng. 2008;130(3): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Analytical model representing the relationship between the kinematic parameters (αvalgus and dshear) at the strain failure threshold. In the figure, θ and h represent the geometrical parameters of the knee, L is the unstrained length of the MCL, L′ is the elongated length due to bending, and L″ is the final elongated length due to bending and shear.

3. Date of download: 11/15/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Injury Tolerance and Moment Response of the Knee Joint to Combined Valgus Bending and Shear Loading
J Biomech Eng. 2008;130(3): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Comparison of quasistatic knee moment (Mvalgus) bending angle (αvalgus) histories from previous studies , with the results from the present study. The solid dark lines show the results from the present study compared to the quasistatic response corridor reported by Ramet (study: R1). The grey ◇, ○, and ◻ denote the mean of all ligament failure values reported by Ramet (R1), Kajzer , at 20km∕h (K1), and Kajzer at 16km∕h (K2), respectively. The bars on the mean values represent one standard deviation. The dark ◇ denotes the mean of ligament failure observed in the present study.

4. Date of download: 11/15/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Injury Tolerance and Moment Response of the Knee Joint to Combined Valgus Bending and Shear Loading
J Biomech Eng. 2008;130(3): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Comparison of dynamic and static bending moment-angle (Mvalgus−αvalgus) history between matched pair specimens

5. Date of download: 11/15/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Injury Tolerance and Moment Response of the Knee Joint to Combined Valgus Bending and Shear Loading
J Biomech Eng. 2008;130(3): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Sensitivity of shear displacement (dsheaṟfail) to the M:V in the 3PT bending set-up. A regression line (R2=0.0756) of the data is superposed on the plot.

6. Date of download: 11/15/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Injury Tolerance and Moment Response of the Knee Joint to Combined Valgus Bending and Shear Loading
J Biomech Eng. 2008;130(3): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Frequency of each ligament injury for all 40 knee bending tests. The number in parenthesis indicates the percentage of cases in which a particular combination of ligaments was injured.

7. Date of download: 11/15/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Injury Tolerance and Moment Response of the Knee Joint to Combined Valgus Bending and Shear Loading
J Biomech Eng. 2008;130(3): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Injury threshold function for valgus bending of the knee based on the simple analytical model of the knee. The dark circles (●) represent the failure bending angle (αvalgus) and the corresponding shear displacement (dshear) for all dynamic tests. The dark solid line shows the injury threshold function (d=1189.3−6850.8sin2( α)) determined by regression analysis of the experimental failure data. The light dashed line represents the injury threshold function (d=1152−6400sin2( α)) based on anatomical parameters estimated from a knee numerical model.

8. Date of download: 11/15/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Injury Tolerance and Moment Response of the Knee Joint to Combined Valgus Bending and Shear Loading
J Biomech Eng. 2008;130(3): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Injury threshold of the knee as predicted by the numerical model. The numerical model with appropriate boundary conditions is shown on the left.