1. High Middle Ages

2. A. Power of the Church
Church had influence in both spiritual and political matters
Unifying force
Structure of church was similar to the structure of feudalism
Pope (Head of the Church)
Clergy (Bishops and Priests)
Local priests served as the main contact with the Church
Members of the church

3. B. Power of the Church Church began to have problems with emperors
Kings has control over clergy and their offices
Lay investiture – the practice of the King appointing church officials
Pope Gregory VII vs. Henry IV

4. C. Emperors Clashes with the Pope
Does not settle dispute between emperor and pope
Concordant of Worms
Church alone could appoint a bishop and Emperor could veto the appointment

5. D. Church Reform
Begins as a response to many problems within the Church
Many village priests still married and had families
Bishops sold positions in the Church
Lay investiture - the practice of Kings placing friends and family in church positions

6. E. Church Reform Church wants to address these problems
1. Enforced laws against the marriage of priests and the selling of Church offices
2. Created a group, the Curia
made church law and enforced it
3. Church collected a tax from all believers -
used to care for the sick and poor.

7. F. Cathedrals Built new churches – cathedrals
New style of architecture called Gothic
Very tall, reaching toward heaven
Walls covered with windows of colorful stained glass, which let in beautiful light and told religious stories

9. G. The Crusades The renewed faith also led to war
Muslim Turks were threatening Constantinople
The pope urged leaders of Western Europe to begin a holy war
He wanted Christians to gain control of Jerusalem and the entire Holy Land
This was the first of nine Crusades fought over the next 200 years

10. H. The Crusades Why did people support the Crusades?
Rulers and the Church favored the Crusades because they sent warlike knights out of their lands
Common people joined the Crusades out of deep religious feeling

11. I. Were the Crusades really a “Holy War”
Why were we fighting?
Pope – Wanted to reclaim Holy Lands.
Kings – Get rid of knights who fought each other.
Knights – Opportunity to fight.
Merchants – Got rich by making cash loans to finance the journey; wanted to control key trade routes.
Serfs – Hoped to gain land and position in society.

12. J. Effects Power of the popes weakened Power of the nobles reduced
Trade was revived
The Christians harsh treatment of Muslims in the Holy Land led to bitterness that has lasted to the present

13. K. Changes in Medieval Society
European cities changed the feudal system as agriculture, trade, finance, and universities developed.

14. L. Changes in Medieval Society – Agriculture
Improved food supply
Climate warmed
Developed new ways of farming
Plows with horses because new harness was developed
Three-field system

15. M. Changes in Medieval Society – Trade and Finance
Craft workers made goods that were sent all over Europe
Trade fairs
Guilds
Workers in the same craft
For example, cloth makers
Set standards for their products, fair prices, and rules to enter a craft

16. N. Changes in Medieval Society – Towns Grew
Towns grew quickly
Dirty
Built entirely of wood
Fire hazards
Haven for peasants
After you lived in a town for a year and a day you were free
Wealthier people won the right not to pay taxes to lords and govern themselves

17. O. Effects Growing trade and wealth led to an interest in learning
Contact with the Muslims bought back ancient Greek and Roman books

18. P. England and France
As the kingdoms of England and France began to develop nations, certain democratic traditions came about.

19. Q. England Formed by the blending of culture William the Conqueror
Danish Vikings versus
Anglo-Saxons
William the Conqueror
Duke of Normandy, France
Took over England in the Battle of Hastings

20. R. Henry II (1154 to 1189) Added more land through marriage
Sent royal judges to every part of England
Introduced the use of jury
The rulings of the judges formed England’s common law.

21. S. John the Softsword Lost all the lands in northern France
Cruel to his subjects
Raised taxes
Angered the Church
Eventually the nobles revolted
Forced him to sign the Magna Carta
Guaranteed certain basic political rights
Included no taxation without representation, a jury trial, and protection of the law

22. T. Edward I Created Parliament
Two citizens from every borough and two knights from every county
Would call on Parliament when a new tax was needed
Weakened the power of the lords

23. U. France In 1000, France was divided into 47 territories
Capetian kings changed that
Power grew outward from Paris

24. Events which change the Middle Ages

25. A. Great Schism
1300, Pope Boniface VIII attempted to enforce his papal authority over Philip IV
1305, Philip persuaded the College of Cardinals to choose a French archbishop as the new pope
Clement V is selected
Moved capital from Rome to Avignon (in France)

26. B. Great Schism Reformers tried to move papacy back to Rome
1378, the Pope died
Cardinals chose Pope Urban VI
Many regretted their choice because he was radical
Chose Robert of Geneva a few months later
Now there were TWO popes…

27. C. Great Schism
This began a split in the Church known as the Great Schism
Created the Council of Constance to choose a single pope
Chose Martin V
Left the papacy greatly weakened

28. D. Bubonic Plague
1300s, epidemic struck parts of Asia, North Africa, and Europe
1/3 of Europe died from the deadly disease

29. E. Effects of the Plague Town populations fell Trade declined
Serfs left manors
Jews were blamed for the plague
Church lost a lot of influence

30. F. Hundred Years’ War Philip IV of France dies without an heir
Edward III of England claims throne (he was grandson of Philip IV)
Started a century long conflict between the two nations

31. G. Hundred Years’ War Longbow Joan of Arc
She lead a French army and won
Allowed the French to crown a new king
She was captured by English allies
Tried and burned at the stake

32. H. Hundred Years’ War Ended in 1453 Fought on French land
Land was destroyed
Produced national feelings in both England and France