1. Photosynthesis in Overview
Process by which plants and other autotrophs store the energy of sunlight into sugars.
Requires sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide.
Overall balanced equation:
Sunlight + 6 CO H20  C6H12O O2
Reactants Products
Occurs in the leaves of plants in organelles called chloroplasts.
Plants are photoautotrophs

2. Leaf Structure
Most photosynthesis occurs in the palisade mesophyll layer.
Gas exchange of CO2 and O2 occurs at openings called stomata surrounded by guard cells on the lower leaf surface.
Palisade
Spongy

5. Make the Connections?
How do plants photosynthesize if they don’t have leaves?
Where does the energy come from to make leaves in the spring?
When are the stomata open in most plants day or night/ why?

6. Chloroplast Structure
2 membranes make up a choloroplast
Thickened regions called thylakoids. A stack of thylakoids is called a granum. (Plural – grana)
Stroma is a liquid surrounding the thylakoids.

8. Why do most plants look green?
Pigment- light gathering molecule used to attract sunlight

9. What factors effect photosynthesis rates?
Water Availability- too much or too little
Temperature- too hot or too cool
Light Intensity- not enough or too much

10. Photosynthesis: The Chemical Process
Occurs in two main phases.
Light reactions (Light Dependent) (photo part)
Dark reactions (aka – the Calvin Cycle) (Light Independent) (synthesis part)
Light reactions are the “photo” part of photosynthesis. Light is absorbed by pigments.

11. Light Reactions - Suns energy splits H2O
Light-dependent reactions occur on the thylakoid membranes.
Light and water are required for this process.
Energy storage molecules are formed. (ATP and NADPH)
Oxygen gas is made as a waste product.
- Suns energy splits H2O

13. Dark Reactions (Calvin Cycle)
Dark reactions (light-independent) occur in the stroma.
Carbon dioxide is “fixed” into the sugar glucose (C6H12O6).
ATP and NADPH (energy) molecules created during the light reactions power the production of this glucose (C6H12O6). production.
Glucose (C6H12O6). is high energy food for the plant
Process does not require light, but can occur during daylight hours
animation

14. C6H12O6

15. Making Connections What is not a requirement of Photosynthesis?
A Light
B Pigment
C Oxygen
D CO2

16. Making Connections
Where would you more than likely find most of the chloroplasts in a leaf? Top/bottom Explain?
If a plant isn’t green does it have Chlorophyll?

17. Do you like to run, bike, or swim?
Feel the Burn
Do you like to run, bike, or swim?
These all are good ways to exercise. When you exercise, your body uses oxygen to get energy from glucose, a six-carbon sugar.
1. How does your body feel at the start of exercise, such as a long, slow run? How do you feel 1 minute into the run; 10 minutes into the run?
2. What do you think is happening in your cells to cause the changes in how you feel?
3. Think about running as fast as you can for 100 meters. Could you keep up this pace for a much longer distance? Explain your answer.

18. All Cells Need Energy Cells need energy to do a variety of work:
Making new molecules.
Building membranes and organelles.
Moving molecules in and out of the cell.
Movement.

19. Where Does A Cell Get Energy?
Food is broken down to a form the cell can use.
Extra energy is stored in an ATP molecule, a nucleotide.

20. What Is ATP?
ATP – adenosine triphosphate is a molecule made up of an adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphate groups.
Adenine
phosphate groups
Ribose

21. How Does ATP Work?
Energy is stored in the bond between the second and third phosphate group.
When the bond is broken, energy is released and ADP is formed.
Adenine
Ribose
ADP = Adenosine DI-Phosphate

22. Cellular Respiration: An Overview
Mitochondrion
Electrons carried in NADH
Electrons carried in NADH and FADH2
Pyruvic acid
Glucose
Electron Transport Chain
Krebs Cycle
Glycolysis
Mitochondrion
Cytoplasm 2 2 32

23. Cellular Respiration Formula
6O2 + C6H12O6 -> ATP + 6H2O + 6CO2
How is this different from photosynthesis?
Sunlight + 6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
They are opposite reactions, mutualistic

24. To the electron transport chain
 Glycolysis
Glucose
2 Pyruvic acid
To the electron transport chain

25. To the electron transport chain
Glycolysis
Glucose
2 Pyruvic acid
To the electron transport chain

26. To the electron transport chain
Glycolysis
Glucose
2 Pyruvic acid
To the electron transport chain
Glycolysis Animation

27. The Krebs Cycle
animation
Citric Acid Production
Mitochondrion

28. The Krebs Cycle Krebs Cycle Animation Mitochondrion
Citric Acid Production
Mitochondrion
Krebs Cycle Animation

29. Electron Transport Chain
Animation
Electron Transport
Hydrogen Ion Movement
Channel
Mitochondrion
Intermembrane
Space
ATP synthase
Inner
Membrane
Matrix
ATP Production

30. Cellular Respiration Flowchart
Glucose (C6H1206) +
Oxygen (02)
Glycolysis 2
Krebs Cycle 2
Electron Transport Chain 32
Carbon
Dioxide
(CO2) +
Water
(H2O)
38% Efficient, 62% Lost as Heat

31. Fermentation (without oxygen)
Chemical Pathways
Aerobic Pathway
(34)
(2)
Glucose
Krebs cycle
Electron transport
Glycolysis
Alcohol or lactic acid
Fermentation (without oxygen)
Anaerobic Pathway

32. WHAT IF THERE ISN’T ANY OXYGEN?
CELLUAR RESPIRATION: Anaerobic (fermentation)
*yeast cells = alcohol production
*muscle cells = lactic acid production

33. Lactic Acid Fermentation
Glucose
Pyruvic acid

34. Lactic Acid Fermentation
Usually enough ATP for about 90 secs
Lactic acid
Glucose
Pyruvic acid

35. Lactic Acid Fermentation
Glucose
Pyruvic acid

36. Lactic Acid Fermentation
Pyruvic Acid + NADH > Lactic Acid + NAD+

37. Pros and Cons of Lactic Acid Fermentation
Pros – your muscle will keep working even without sufficient oxygen

38. Cons – you feel it, lactic acid causes sore muscles and cramping
Your body will get rid of lactic acid – it diffuses into blood and goes to liver where it is converted back to pyruvic acid – ready to enter the Krebs cycle
LIVER

39. Making Connections
A healthy liver has a multitude of functions based on the previous slide it would seem logical that one of those would be?
A making immediate energy
B detoxification

40. Which runner uses which process?
100 meter dash
3200 meter run

41. Alcoholic Fermentation
-occurs in yeast during anaerobic conditions
Pyruvic Acid + NADH > Alcohol + CO NAD+

42. You’re a Runner!
Your running the 800 meter race in a track meet. What process will you use to accomplish the task
A Calvin Cycle
B Glycolysis
C Krebs cycle
D Light Reaction
E Electron Transport Chain
F Lactic Acid Fermentation
G Alcoholic Fermentation

43. Making Connections Name the process that does not release energy
A Glycolysis
B photosynthesis
C cellular respiration

44. Making Connections Why is it necessary that we breath oxygen?
A to live (the typical sophomore answer)
B to accept H+ electrons to make water
C to run the Krebs cycle
D to break down pyruvic acid