1. The Civil War

2. NORTH SOUTH ECONOMIC POTENTIAL: Industrial capability, finance
Population: 22 million
Diversified Economy
Industrial Base [1.3 million workers]
Established financial system
Unprecedented centralized
power over economy.
No Southern objections in
Congress.
Population: 9 million
Limited Industrial Capability
[110,000 industrial workers]
Cotton-based economy dependent
on exports.
Limited centralized oversight.
States issued paper money leading
to hyperinflation.
LOGISTICAL
CAPABILITY:
Railroads, navy, transport
22,000 miles of RR
15,389 miles of Telegraph Wire
10,200 merchant ships
4.4 million horses & mules
*Most of the US Navy remained loyal to the Union – including most of the Admirals.
8,451 miles of RR
819 merchant ships
1.7 million horses & mules
* The Confederacy had only a handful of warships throughout the war.
POLITICAL STABILITY:
Respective leaders, challenges
Lincoln: humble, willing to compromise, strategic, big-picture thinking, practical.
Federal Republic: strong, centralized authority/control, able to marshal/coordinate resources.
Davis: West Point Grad, Mexican War veteran, former Sec of War, US Senator, impatient, prone to misplaced loyalties, quarrelsome, acerbic personality, chronically ill.
Confederacy: suffered from problems inherent in a Confederacy at war.

3. ANACONDA PLAN

5. What did the South need to do to achieve its goal of independence?
GOAL - Remain a viable nation long enough for either:
Foreign recognition, assistance, or alliance OR
Public sentiment in the North turns against the war and the voters force a peace settlement
STRATEGY – Fight a defensive war. Advantages?
“Dig in” (attacking infantry generally fared poorly in battle.)
“Home field advantage”

6. Technological Advances Contribute to High Casualty Rates
Military Advances:
Advanced rifles & artillery*
Repeating Rifles
Iron-clad ships
Telegraph
Railroads
Observation Balloons
*Long-range weapons gave
defenders an advantage such
that by the end of the war, 9 out
of 10 infantry assaults failed.
ADVANCED WEAPONS
+ ANTIQUATED INFANTRY TACTICS
HIGH CASUALTY RATES

7. Why might the South have had a military advantage at the beginning of the war?
Military Tradition:
7 out of 8 military colleges were located in the South
When the war began, many top officers sided with the South (R.E.Lee, A.S. Johnston, J.E. Johnston)
Southern Aristocracy glorified the military
Fear of slave uprisings had forced the South to organize militias/patrols

8. The Eastern Campaign

9. The Western Campaign

10. Diplomatic Efforts during the Civil War
North
South
Foreign policy goals & challenges
*Prevent diplomatic recognition of the Confederacy. This effort was largely successful. Why?
Skill of US diplomats
Anti-slavery sentiment in Europe
Inability of the South to sustain victory
Union naval blockade
Trent Affair:
US Navy stopped a British mail ship (HMS Trent) and captured 2 Confederate diplomats.

11. Lincoln & Emancipation
Discouraging
Constitution
Free-soil Position
[Anti-Slavery vs. Abolition]
Border States
(MO/KY/DEL)
Prejudice in North
Reelection in 1864
Encouraging
Foreign Threat
Tap into African
American Support/Recruits
Moral Argument made by
Radical Republicans

12. The Road to the Emancipation Proclamation:
1861 Voluntary Compensation Emancipation – Lincoln feared that he did not have the Constitutional Authority to free the slaves – feared a legal challenge. Had to keep the support of the border states; however, these states were instructed to make plans for emancipation.
1862 Military Emancipation – The Confiscation Acts of allowed slaves to be seized as “property” employed by Confederate forces. By 1862, grant freedom to slaves of owners in active rebellion. Lincoln feared a court challenge.
What authority did Lincoln use to emancipate the slaves? Constitutional authority as Commander-in-Chief, as well as his jurisdiction in areas in open rebellion.
The Emancipation Proclamation 1863 – freed only slaves behind enemy lines, it left slavery in the border states & rebel territory under Union control. Allowed for the recruitment & deployment of Negro Regiments. Enlarged the purpose of the war from preserving the Union to ending slavery. Ended the threat of foreign intervention.