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Canada
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Physical Geography
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Landforms Canada’s mountainous eastern and western edges create a central region of fertile plains.
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Collisions of tectonic plates thrust up a series of sharp-peaked mountains, like the Pacific Ranges and Rockies.
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Wide range of climates, from frozen tundra to humid continental, support a variety of wildlife.
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Abundant water and energy resources make up Canada’s great natural resource wealth.
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Water Systems Canada’s plentiful freshwater lakes and rivers support the needs of people and industries in both cities and rural areas.
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St. Lawrence River one of Canada's most important rivers
forms part of the border between the US and Canada Along with Great Lakes – one of the worlds most important shipping routes
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The Niagara Falls, also on the border, is a key source of hydroelectric power.
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The Canadian Shield Giant core of rock anchoring North America Centered on Hudson Bay and James Bay
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Climate, Biomes, and Resources
Ocean currents, like the Gulf Stream and Labrador Current, play a key role in Canada’s large variation in climates.
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Canada has a variety of biomes that support abundant forms of plant and animal life.
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Fisheries as well as timber, energy, and minerals are important to Canada's economy.
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The Athabasca Tar Sands make Canada a leading petroleum-producing country.
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Which climates appear in the US, but are absent in Canada?
Why is the St. Lawrence River so important? What exactly is the Canadian Shield?
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First Nations – Native American people of Canada
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Human Geography of Canada
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History and Government
Indigenous groups Inuit First Nations French and British colonists Foundation for Canadian cultures
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Originally British colony
1931 – Became a dominion – gained independence
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Canada - constitutional monarchy
Power divided into three branches of government: Legislative Executive Judicial
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Population Patterns Ethnicity varies from province to province
25 percent of population identify from mixed origins
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About 90 percent of population lives within 100 miles of U.S. border
More temperate climate Easy access to commerce
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About 81 percent of population live in urban areas:
Montreal Vancouver Toronto Ottawa – Capital City
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Which climates appear in the US, but are absent in Canada?
Why is the St. Lawrence River so important? What exactly is the Canadian Shield?
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Who are the First Nations?
Which two European countries settled Canada? When did Canada gain its independence? From whom? What type of government does Canada currently have?
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Society and Culture Immigration has helped create multicultural society
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English and French – Canada’s two official languages.
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Today’s average family decreased to three members
More women entered the workforce
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The arts (theater and music) highly regarded in Canada,
Toronto – third-largest production center in English-speaking world
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Economic Activities Natural resources essential to Canadian economy
Account for more than 58 percent of exports
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Advancement of technology and reliable transportation systems has helped spur economic growth across the country
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North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
1994 Mexico, US, Canada Agree to reduce/eliminate tariffs on goods traded amongst themselves Canada’s main trade partner United States
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Faring better than US since 2008 recession
Due to more conservative lending in real estate market Greater stability in housing prices Lower unemployment rates Compared to US and Europe
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Which climates appear in the US, but are absent in Canada?
Why is the St. Lawrence River so important? What exactly is the Canadian Shield?
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Who are the First Nations?
Which two European countries settled Canada? When did Canada gain its independence? From whom? What type of government does Canada currently have?
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Who is Canada’s number 1 trade partner?
What is NAFTA? Explain Who is Canada’s number 1 trade partner?
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People and Their Environment: Canada
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Managing Resources Many natural resources suffered due to: Fishing
Logging Mineral/oil and gas extraction
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Calls for federal protection and conservation efforts have increased to protect existing resources and to develop renewable ones
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Without conservation, rare ecosystems such as the boreal forest could be destroyed.
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Human Impact Acid rain contaminates lakes, streams, and rivers.
Pollution in the United States can also negatively affect the environment in Canada
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Industrial pollution in waterways can harm water supplies and all who depend on them.
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Canadian and US governments continue to work together:
To improve water quality To encourage resurgence of some fish populations
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Addressing the Issues Provinces individually take action to address climate change through the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.
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Green Energy and Green Economy Act
Ontario Promotes green energy through conservation and financial incentives
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Government exploring alternative energy sources
Wind Solar power
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Initial reports are positive,
Time needed to see which methods of alternative energy will be successful
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Which climates appear in the US, but are absent in Canada?
Why is the St. Lawrence River so important? What exactly is the Canadian Shield?
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Who are the First Nations?
Which two European countries settled Canada? When did Canada gain its independence? From whom? What type of government does Canada currently have?
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Who is Canada’s number 1 trade partner?
What is NAFTA? Explain Who is Canada’s number 1 trade partner?
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