1. Prevalence of Salmonella serovars in Animals in India
Presentation is based on
Serotyping of >4000 Salmonella strains submitted between 1978 to 2005 to
National Salmonella Centre (Vet.)
Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar INDIA
Analysis and compilation By
Dr. Bhoj R Singh, Principal Scientist (VM)
I/C Epidemiology; Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis
Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar , Bareilly, UP, India.  TeleFax 

2. SALMONELLA IN INDIA
Salmonella and salmonellosis are prevalent all over the world including the most developed as well as the poorest countries.
Salmonellosis is a hyperendemic disease in India in humans and probably in animals too.
There are >2500 serovars of Salmonella distributed all over the globe.
Of these about 231 serovars have been reported in India, 25 exclusively in human and equal number in animals rest have been isolated from varied sources.
To start any disease control programme a country need to understand the epidemiology of the disease and for salmonellosis serotyping is of utmost significance.

3. Outbreaks of Salmonellosis in India in Animals
2003
Mizoram
Japanese Quails
30% in adults
S. Enteritidis
2000
Assam
Pygmy hogs (Sus salvanius)
7 of the 42
1999
Ranchi
Pigs (Sus Domesticus)
15 piglets
S.Ohio, S. Chester, S. London
Ducks
58.37% Ducklings died
S. Enteritidis PT 13a/7
1997
Broilers
70-100%
S. Indiana and S.Gallinarum
1996
Himanchal pradesh
Chicks
92.8%
S. Typhimurium
1992
Punjab
Pigs -
S. Typhimurium with FMD virus
1989
Tripura
S. Virchow
1987
Nagaland
Poultry birds
High
Layer stock
20%
S. Gallinarum
Tamilnadu
Broiler stock
In 4 hatcheries 5 to 15% mortality
1986
Bareilly (U.P.)
43 piglets and 24 adults died
S. Cholearaesuis
Hydrabad
Japanese quails
100%
Pantnagar (U.A.)
Chicken
212 of 400 chicks died.
S. Indiana
Tirpur
Broiler parent stock
9% mortality
S. Weltevreden
1985
Guwahati (Assam)
1984
34% mortality in piglets
S. Choleraesuis
Kasauli, (H.P.)
Guinea pigs
S. Dublin and S. Typhimurium
1983
Gujrat
S. Vrichow
1980
67.5% piglets died
Madras city
Chicks and layers
75% Broiler and 25% layer chicks died
Bombay
Guinea pigs and Rabbits
Heavy
1977
S. Ohio
1976
S. Newport
1972
Bareilly, (U.P.)
S. Bareilly

4. Salmonellosis outbreaks and causative serovars in animals in India
Animals affected
No. of Outbreaks
Salmonella serovars
Pigs 6
Choleraesuis (3), Ohio, Chester, London, Typhimurium, Virchow
Chicks/Poultry birds 14
Gallinarum (6), Indiana (4), Virchow (3), Typhimurium (2), Newport, Ohio, Bareilly, Weltevreden
Rabbits 1
Typhimurium
Guinea pigs 2
Typhimurium, Dublin
Ducks
Enteritidis
Pygmy hogs
Japanese quails
Gallinarum

5. Salmonella serovars in animals in India
>128 serovars has been reported and every year 2 to 5 new serovars are add to the ever-growing list.
Different serovars vary in prevalence in different animals.

6. Salmonella serovars in animals in India (128 serovrs)

7. Salmonella serovars in poultry birds in India (53 serovars and 811 isolates)
Virchow and Typhimurium are more common than Enteritidis.
Bovismorbificans and Eastbourne are the new entrants in last three years.
Amager, Galiena and S. salamae serovars have been reported just recently.
Number of rough isolates is increasing
India has no Pullorum biovar, variants of pullorum if any are reported from regions north to tropic of Cancer. Southern Indian states are the most affected states with S. Gallinarum.

8. Salmonella serovars in other birds in India (13 serovars, 61 isolates)
Virchow and Typhimurium are more common than Gallinarum

9. Common Salmonella serovars in
some selected birds
Quails
Bareilly, Gallinarum, Stanley, Typhimurium, Virchow, Weltevredn
Emu
Weltevreden
Guinea fowl
Gallinarum, Typhimurium
Typhimurium
Pigeons
Typhimurium, Give
Pheasants

10. Salmonella serovars in buffaloes in India (11 serovars, 60 isolates)

11. Salmonella serovars in cattle in India (68 strains of 19 serovars)
Dublin and Typhimurium are the most common serovars, also reported frequently in milk and milk products

12. Salmonella serovars in goats in India (39 serovars among 137 isolates)
Rough strains dominates the scene

13. Salmonella serovars in Donkeys
Number of isolates
Abortusequi 4
Dumfries 1
3, 10 : r : -
4, 12:-:-
Tshiongwe 2

14. Salmonella serovars in Horses (142 isolates of 19 serovars)
Nos.
Abortusequi 60
Lagos 10
Bovismorbificans 4
Newington 2
Drogana
Newport 13
Dumfries 3
Richmond 5
Gallinarum 1
Rough
4, 5, 12, : ri : 1, 5
Saintpaul
4, 5, 12, 27:r,i:1, 5
Tshiongwe
4, 12:i:-
Typhimurium
6, 7 : y : lz28: -
Virchow
Kottbus

15. Salmonella in dogs
Serological evidences show high prevalence (>60%) of Salmonella agglutinins in canines, however only three isolates one each belonging to Thompson, Typhimurium and Paratyphi B serovars are there in repository.
Besides, isolation of S. Anatum, S. Reading and S. Ohio are also on records but isolates are not available.

16. Salmonella serovars in sheep in India ( 9 serovars and 42 strains) (Common source of S. Bareilly)

17. Salmonella serovars in swine in India (203 strains of 36 serovars)
Virchow is dominating since decades

18. Salmonella serovars in fish and other sea foods in India (74 strains of 21 serovars)
Most common source of S. Paratyphi B

19. Salmonella serovars in amphibians in India (63)
Most of the work reported is almost 30 years old and needs reviewing

20. Salmonella serovars in rodents and other small laboratory animals in India (231)

21. Salmonella serovars in sewage and slaughter house environment in India (47)

22. Sources of Salmonella serovars in foods of vegetable origin

23. Salmonella serovars in foods of vegetable origin in India (27)

24. Six percent of 600 samples of beetle leaves (popular as Paan) screened in North India have Salmonella and Saintpaul dominates the seen

25. Salmonella serovars in lizards and other reptiles in India (70)
Old work needs reviewing

26. Salmonella serovars in wild life in India (139 strains of 13 serovars)

27. Common sources of Salmonella Anatum

29. Common sources of Salmonella Bareilly

30. Common sources of Salmonella Bovismorbificans

31. Common sources of Salmonella Enteritidis

32. Common sources of Salmonella Gallinarum isolates

33. Common sources of Salmonella Dublin isolates

34. Common sources of Salmonella Newport isolates

35. Common sources of Salmonella Paratyphi B isolates

36. Common sources of Salmonella Saintpaul isolates

37. Common sources of Salmonella Typhimurium

38. Common sources of Salmonella Virchow

39. Common sources of Salmonella Weltevreden

40. Common sources of rough Salmonella strains

42. Conclusions
>128 Salmonella serovars are there in animals in India and every year list expands by about 2-5 new serovars.
Different serovars dominate in different kinds of animals.
On the basis of overall prevalence, major Salmonella serovars of zoonotic significance are   S.Typhimurium, S. Bareilly, S. Newport, S. Weltevreden, S. Saintpaul and S. Enteritidis are the most prevalent wide host range Salmonella .
S. Weltevreden, S. Senftenberg, S. Saintpaul, S. Havana and S. Chester are prominent emerging zoonotic Salmonella in last decade.
S. Typhimurium and S. Paratyphi A prevalence is on down-roads.
S. Typhi, a strict host adapted Salmonella of human being has been isolated from sick as well as healthy Camel, Sheep, Cattle, Goats, Pigs, Birds and Rodents as well.
S. Saintpaul is emerging as new zoonotic pathogen in foods of animals and vegetable origin.
S. Typhimurium is still the leading serovar of zoonotic significance in India.
Prevalence of S. Abortusequi is rapidly falling in equines and it is being replaced by other serovars, different in different parts of the country.
After poultry and poultry product vegetable foods appeared to be the major emerging source of Salmonella.
Host range of host restricted Salmonella serovars is widening.
S. Anatum has adapted to Indian buffaloes, however S. Weltevreden is the important zoonotic serovar often isolated from buffen (Buffalo meat)