1. Greenhouse effect, gases, global warming Carbon dioxide, methane, climate change, global warming Wobbling Polar Jet Stream: Ridges and Troughs Watch “TempFast.mov” 128 years go by in one minute! Ice ages, agriculture, deforestation, the “Long Summer” Ocean temperatures, sea level rise, melting ice caps, sliding glaciers Plants now contain less minerals and protein but more sugar: Milankovitch Cycles, Ice ages
Lecture # 6
19 September 2017

2. Greenhouse Effect

3. Global warming Hydrate Clathrate Ocean temperatures and acidity
ppm
CO2 pollution of the air
Burning oil, deforestation
Greenhouse gases cause warming
Water vapor, H2O
Carbon dioxide, CO2
Nitrous Oxide, N2O  
Methane, CH4 = 25 molecules CO2
Trifluoromethyl Sulfur Pentaflouride, SF5CF3
= 18,000 molecules CO2 (half life = 1,000 years)
AVERAGE global temperatures are increasing.
Ocean temperatures and acidity
Sea levels rising
Glaciers and ice caps melting
Hydrate Clathrate

4. Water Hydrate Hydrogen bonds form chains High Specific Heat
Bipolar Molecule
Hydrogen bonds form chains
Universal Solvent
High Specific Heat
Changes state with temperature
Ice less dense than liquid water, floats
Forms hydrate frozen “3D boxes” that
can contain molecules of methane
Hydrate

10. James Hansen
Science, 1431 (2005); 308
James Hansen, et al.

11. James Hansen, et al. (2013)
PLOS One

13. Polar Jet Stream

14. Wandering Polar Jet Stream

18. 1.74 times the area of Texas

20. Warming stresses ecosystems
Coral reefs, tundra, Arctic

28. 3.5 kilometers per year.

34. 2030

37. The Big Apple finally goes under

39. Currently, 8+ billion (that’s 8 thousand million)
humans are using half of planet Earth’s land
surface, half of the fresh water, and half of the
solar energy impinging on the surface of the Earth.
Resources are NOT ever expanding. Per capita
shares are falling all the time. About 3 acres per
person.
Growthmania economics is fundamentally flawed

40. From Proc. Nat. Acad.Sci. (2002), vol.99: 9266-9271
Watch:
From Proc. Nat. Acad.Sci. (2002), vol.99:

41. History and Biogeography. Self-replicating molecular assemblages
History and Biogeography Self-replicating molecular assemblages Geological Past Shrinking, buckling Earth, Polarity Reversals Paleoclimatology: Milankovitch cycles Eustatic (world wide) sea level changes Palynology (fossil pollen profiles) Radioisotope dating (half life, C14 carbon 14) Geological time scale Boundaries marked by extinctions Asteroid impact, Chicxulub crater (iridium layer, 65 mya) Pleistocene Megafauna“Overkill” hypothesis

44. The Geological Time Scale
__________________________________________________________________
Years in millions
since beginning of
Eras Periods Epochs period or epoch
Quaternary Recent
Pleistocene 1.6
Cenozoic Pliocene
Miocene
Tertiary Oligocene
Eocene
Paleocene
Cretaceous
Mesozoic Jurassic
Triassic
_________________________________________________________________
Permian
Carboniferous
Devonian
Paleozoic Silurian
Ordivician
Cambrian
Precambrian
____________________________________________________________

45. ____________________________________________________________

46. Ward, P. D. 2006. Impact from the deep. Scientific American 295, 64–71.

48. First Exam: Thursday 28 September
Covers Chapters 1-4, 6-7 plus Chapter 16
and first 9 lectures, 5 discussions, plus 8 Readings:
Scientific Methods
Natural Selection
On Human Nature
Our Hunter-Gatherer Heritage
Evolution of Uncaring Humanoids
Unburnable Oil
Population Growth
Evolution’s Problem Gamblers

49. History and Biogeography Self-replicating molecular assemblages Geological Past
Shrinking, buckling Earth, Polarity Reversals
Paleoclimatology Eustatic sea level changes Palynology (fossil pollen profiles) Radioisotope dating (half life, C14 carbon 14, ~5700 years) Geological time scale, Boundaries marked by extinctions Chicxulub Asteroid impact (iridium layer, 65 mya) Pleistocene Megafauna“Overkill” hypothesis
Classical Biogeography, Wallace’s Line
Continental drift, sea floor spreading
Foraminifera fossil record
Milankovitch Cycles: Precession, Obliquity, and Eccentricity

50. Classical Biogeography, Biogeographic Realms

51. Oriental
Realm

52. Alfred Russel Wallace

54. Herpestids, Mongoose
Quolls