1. Regulating Emotions Crying
Frequency in infancy, childhood, adolesecnce
Sex differences emerge in early childhood and gets larger
Developing sexual identity
Developing self-concept
understanding enduring nature of personality is linked to valuing consistency in behavior

2. Relationships with Peers
Major Changes
Time spent with peers increases
More time unsupervised
Increased size and diversity of groups
Increased intensity of friendships

3. Friendships A close relationship between two individuals.
Commitment and reciprocity
Sex differences in intimate friendships
Homophobia: fear of homosexuality
Self monitoring to avoid the perception of being perceived as homosexual

4. Peer Pressure and Conformity
Homophily
The degree to which friends are similar to each other in terms of behaviors, tastes, views, and goals.

5. Relationships with Parents
Conflicts
Continual influence

6. Deviance
Deviancy training: rule breaking and deviant forms of behavior are reinforced
Therapeutic interventions with adolescents
Group vs. individual

7. Identity Development
The process through which individuals achieve a sense of who they are, and of their beliefs, preferences and relationships to their culture.
Erikson’s psychosocial stages
identity / role confusion (identity diffusion)
the adolescent asks again and again to himself is about how he seems from other people’s perspectives and how he feels in himself. The fusion of these constitutes his identity.

8. Marcia’s Patterns of Identity

9. Marcia’s Patterns of Identity
Moratorium: crisis, no commitment
may change majors, social groups and explore relationships. Person needs to “shop around” to make committments.
Moratorium: rebellious, nonconforming
Identity diffusion: unpredictable, reluctant to act
Foreclosure: conventional, moralistic
Identity achievement: clear, consistent, productive

10. Marcia’s Patterns of Identity

11. Self-Concept
Who Am I?
the totality of a complex, organized, and dynamic system of beliefs, attitudes and opinions that each person holds to be true about his or her personal existence.

12. A New Sense of Self Changing conceptions of the self
Changes in sense of self parallels the changes in cognitive and social processes

13. Self-Concept
Distinction made in infancy between own body and everything else
2-3 years, sex and age are identified
4-12 years, self-concepts are based mainly on developing talents and skills
Social comparison
Increased perspective taking and self-consciousness
Objective self-awareness: seeing oneself as an object of others’ attention

14. Self-Esteem
Events that are important to our sense of self will have a strong impact on our sense of self. If not part of self-concept, it will not affect us much.
Self-complexity: the more complex or differentiated your self-concept, the better you can cope with a failure in any one aspect of the self

15. Self-Evaluations An “ideal self” versus “actual self”
Perceived degree of discrepancy may determine effect
Whether the domain is a core part of sense of self determines its impact
Parental characteristics for high self-esteem: acceptance of children and respect for individuality

16. Social and Emotional Problems of Adolescence
Internalizing problems
Externalizing problems

17. Internalizing Problems
Disturbances in emotion or mood
E.g., depression, worry, guilt, and anxiety
Research shows that feelings of depression, sadness, and anxiety surge during adolescence.
Gender differences
Biological and social changes
Puberty, transition to different school, new friends
Increased family conflict, increased pressure to achieve

18. Externalizing Problems
Social and behavioral problems
E.g., aggression and delinquency
Gender differences
Two developmental patterns
Adolescent onset: Emerging in adolescence and having a fairly brief time course
Childhood onset: Emerging in preschool and persisting into adulthood

19. Externalizing Problems

21. Emerging Adulthood A new stage of development
Between the ages of 18 and 25
Reflects new challenges in technologically advanced societies

22. Developmental Issues Social and identity issues Intellectual changes
Epistemic development: Changes in the individual’s reasoning about the nature of knowledge