1. Transistor Amplifiers

2. AC analysis or Small Signal analysis
Small signal means weak AC signals
We will use an amplifier circuit so that these weak AC signals can get amplified.
Analysis of AC circuits is not so easy.
For analyzing them first of all we will transform the AC circuit into the simplified form.
In this simplified form the circuit will be in the form of a two port network.
A step by step process for achieving the simplified form of AC circuit is shown in next 4 slides

7. Two port Network

8. Transistor Amplifiers Classification
(Types of Transistor Models which make the study of transistor amplifier easy)
Four models are there for making transistor circuit solution easy:-
Older model
Z-parameter model
Y-parameter model
Recently Used models
1)re model
2) H-Parameter Model or Hybrid model

9. H-Parameter Model or Hybrid model

10. H-parameter equivalent model

11. Equivalent Circuit for Hybrid Model

12. h-Parameters
h11 = hi = Input Resistance h12 = hr = Reverse Transfer Voltage Ratio h21 = hf = Forward Transfer Current Ratio h22 = ho = Output Admittance

13. h-Parameters for CE Amp.
hie = the base input impedance
hfe = the base-to-collector current gain
hoe = the output admittance
hre = the reverse voltage feedback ratio

14. Hybrid Model for CE Configuration

15. Small signal Amplifier Basic Features Taking Example of Practical C E Amplifier Circuit
Input Signal Source

16. How a small signal amplifier can amplify the weak AC input signal (A practical example taking Common-Emitter Amplifier)
If changes in operating currents and voltages are small enough, then IC and VCE waveforms are undistorted replicas of the input signal.
A small voltage change at the base causes a large voltage change at the collector. The voltage gain is given by:
The minus sign indicates a 1800 phase shift between input and output signals.
An 8 mV peak change in vBE gives a 5 mA change in iB and a 0.5 mA change in iC.
The 0.5 mA change in iC gives a 1.65 V change in vCE .

17. Role of Coupling and Bypass Capacitors in BJT Amplifier
Coupling Capacitors
In a practical amplifier design, C1 and C3 are coupling capacitors . These Capacitors completes two basic task:-
1-They blocks DC signals
2-They pass AC
Bypass Capacitors
C2 is a bypass capacitor. It provides a low impedance path for ac current from emitter to ground. It effectively removes RE (required for good Q-point stability) from the circuit when ac signals are considered.

18. Small signal Amplifier Basic Features Taking Example of Practical C E Amplifier Circuit
1-This Give very high Amplification due to high current gain 2- Provide 180 Degree phase change between input and output 3-Use of coupling & bypass capacitor make circuit more useful
So we can conclude

19. Re model of C E Amplifier Circuit

20. Re model of C E Amplifier Circuit

21. Re model of C E Amplifier Circuit

22. Re model of C E Amplifier Circuit

23. Re model of C E Amplifier Circuit

24. Two Small signal Models of CE Transistor

25. Distortion- The change of output wave shape from the input wave shape of an amplifier is known as distortion

26. Extra slides for Better Understanding

27. D C Equivalent for the BJT Amplifier (Step1)
DC Equivalent Circuit
All capacitors in the original amplifier circuit are replaced by open circuits, disconnecting vI, RI, and R3 from the circuit and leaving RE intact. The the transistor Q will be replaced by its DC model.

28. A C Equivalent for the BJT Amplifier (Step 2)Ro
R1IIR2=RB
Rin
Coupling capacitor CC and Emitter bypass capacitor CE are replaced by short circuits.
DC voltage supply is replaced with short circuits, which in this case is connected to ground.

29. A C Equivalent for the BJT Amplifier (continued)
All externally connected capacitors are assumed as short circuited elements for ac signal
By combining parallel resistors into equivalent RB and R, the equivalent AC
circuit above is constructed. Here, the transistor will be replaced by its
equivalent small-signal AC model (to be developed).

30. A C Analysis of CE Amplifier
1) Determine DC operating point and
calculate small signal parameters
2) Draw the AC equivalent circuit of Amp.
• DC Voltage sources are shorted to ground
• DC Current sources are open circuited
• capacitors are short circuits
• inductors are open circuits
3) Find the simplified form of network which is a two port network
4) Replace transistor with small signal model
5) Simplify the circuit as much as necessary.
Steps to Analyze a Transistor Amplifier
6) Calculate the small signal parameters and gain etc.
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
π-model used