1. Isolines
An isoline is a line connecting points of equal value.

2. Examples of isolines: Isotherms: Isobars: Contours:
points of equal temperature
Isobars:
points of equal barometric (air) pressure
Contours:
points of equal altitude (elevation above sea level)

3. Isobars: Make concentric circles (rings) and show how air pressure changes from Low to High pressure

4. Isotherms: Show how temperature changes. Generallyparallel but bend

5. Contour Lines: show a change in elevation
Contour Lines: show a change in elevation. They make parallel lines, AND concentric circles where the elevation increases

6. Rules for Drawing Isolines:
1. Isolines connect points of equal value. 5 5
10
10
10
10
15
15

7. 2. Isolines are gentle, curving lines- not sharp corners!.5 5
10
10
10
10
15
15

8. 3. Isolines are always closed curves even though the map might only show part of the overall picture.

9. Ex: How can one spot have two different temperatures?
4. Isolines NEVER cross- this would mean that one point has two different values. Look Below
Ex: How can one spot have two different temperatures?
60 °
50 °
40 °
30 ° X
20° Z Y

10. 5. Isolines usually are parallel.
(They have a parallel trend/follow a continuous pattern)

11. We will be working with mostly contour lines throughout the mapping portion of the unit

12. This is a contour map! It has LOTS of elevation contour lines

13. For our first practice: draw isolines at intervals of 10
For our first practice: draw isolines at intervals of 10. You can start with 60. Then do 50, 70 and 80.

14. Fill in gaps in data.

15. Connect the dots.

17. 1.) Identify the pattern: Highest elevations are in the center and decrease going outwards. This isoline map shows an increase in elevation towards the center (which means you should see concentric circles as you progress outwards)
2.) Start with 450 and work your way out!

18. Isoline Contour Line practice 2 1
Isoline Contour Line practice 2 1.) Identify the trend, work your way out!

19. Notes: Working with Isolines and Contour Maps
1.) Finding Gradient and Using a Map Scale 2.) Patterns/shapes that indicate types of landscape features 3.) Using contour lines to indicate stream/water flow direction 4.) Estimating elevation between contour lines 5.) Depressions and hachured contour lines 6.) Making a profile

20. Calculating Gradient on a map:
Gradient shows how quickly the value changes from one point to another. The change in value is either Temp, Pressure, or usually Elevation. The distance is found using a map scale and a scrap piece of paper.

21. Map Scales
On every map, the measured value on the map must equal a real life distance to scale

22. Isoline and Gradient Practice 1: 1
Isoline and Gradient Practice 1: 1.) Identify the Pattern- where is temperature the highest? NE Lowest?SW 2.) Draw the 23, 24, 25 isotherms 3.) Calculate the gradient by using the map scale and a scrap sheet of paper between A and B Temp A-Temp B Distance between A and B

23. #2.) Identify the pattern: Temp is lowest in NW and highest in SW -Start drawing 18 Isotherm, then 20, then 22 -Calculate the Gradient between A and B

24. Part II: Reading Isolines on Contour Maps
A steep (high) gradient changes quickly and the isolines are close together.
A gentle (low) gradient changes slowly and the lines are far apart.
Gentle area
Steep area

25. Contour Line’s show topography
Concentric circles: Show an increase in elevation (hills, mountains)
V and U-shaped contour lines indicate a Valley.

26. How do contour lines show stream flow
How do contour lines show stream flow? Contour lines make a “v” in the OPPOSITE direction of stream/river travel (The “v” points up-slope and water flows DOWN slope)

27. Some Basics about Contour Lines:
Contour Interval= The difference in elevation between consecutive but different value contour lines
Sometimes it’s not listed…you have to count!
What is the interval below?
What are the values for both c, b, and a?

28. Reading between the contour lines
Rule: Any point marked on a map that does not lie directly on a contour line is estimated to be the AVERAGE elevation between the two it’s between So
C= 190’
B= 170’
A=110’

29. Max and Min Elevations
The MAX elevation something can be without being directly on a contour line is the MAX value within the interval. And vice versa for Min Elevation
What is the max and min value for the star?

30. Contour Depression lines/ “Sinkholes”
The first depression contour will have the same value as the previous contour line; after that it ↓ by the same contour interval backwards

31. Benchmarks
“ BM or X” = marks EXACT elevation. X=where the metal marker on the ground is.

32. How to make a profile- all you need is a scrap piece of paper & pencil!

33. How to make a topographic profile