1. Warm-Up What are the 4 major components of blood?
Give 2 facts about Plasma.
Give 2 facts about RBCs.

2. Leukocytes (WBCs) Part of defense system
Protect against bacteria, viruses, parasites
Attracted to sites of infection
Diapedesis: leave capillary by squeezing between endothelial cells
Amoeboid movement
Travel toward infection
Originate in bone marrow
Granulocytes / agranulocytes

3. White blood cell counts
Normally between 4,500-10,000 cells.
Leukocytosis – white blood cell count above 10,000. Indicates an infection like appendicitis or leukemia
Leukopenia – white blood cell count below 5,000. Can accompany typhoid fever, influenza, measles, mumps, chickenpox, AIDS, or polio.

4. White blood cell counts
Differential WBCC (DIFF)
Lists percentages of different leukocytes
High neutrophils = bacterial infection
High eosinophils = parasitic infection/allergic reaction
Low lymphocytes = AIDS

5. Leukocyte Movement Ameboid – locomotion like an Amoeba
Diapedesis – passage through intact vessel walls.

6. Granulocytes WBCs with granules in cytoplasm Neutrophils Eosinophils
Visible with LM
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Phagocytic
2xLarger than RBCs
Lobed nuclei
12 hour life span

7. Neutrophils 54-62% of WBCs Lobed nucleus
Light staining granules(lt. purple)
Digestive enzymes
Function
Phagocytize & destroy bacteria
First cells to respond to infection

9. Eosinophils 1-3% of WBCs Bilobed nucleus Eosin-staining granules (red)
Secrete antihistamine
Reduce inflammation
Attack parasites
Detoxify chemicals

10. Basophils 0.5% of WBCs Lobed nucleus
Large, irregular granules stained deep blue
Granules
Histamine – creates inflammation in allergic reaction
Heparin – prevents blood clotting

11. Lymphocytes Agranulocyte 25-33% of WBCs
Spherical, dark-staining nucleus
Thin rim of blue staining cytoplasm
Each lymphocyte recognizes and acts against a specific antigen. Used in immunity.
May live for years

12. Lymphocytes
T lymphocytes can attack foreign cells directly
(17.6)

13. Lymphocytes
B lymphocytes transform into plasma cells and secrete antibodies

14. Monocytes Agranulocyte 3-9% of WBCs
Horseshoe shaped nucleus (round, kidney, oval, & lobed)
Grey-blue stained cytoplasm
Become wandering
macrophages after diapedesis
Several weeks to months life span

15. Platelets (Thrombocytes) Fragments of megakaryocytes in bone marrow
Attracted to hemorrhage
Plugs leaks
Promotes constriction of blood vessel
Triggers inflammation
Initiates clotting reaction

16. Platelets Lack a nucleus <half the size of a RBC Amoeboid movement
10 day life span
130, ,000 per microliter

17. Platelets
A clot with platelet, fibrin mesh, rbc’s

18. Hemostasis Stoppage of bleeding Events preventing excessive blood loss
Vascular spasm: Vasoconstriction of damaged blood vessels
Platelet plug formation
Coagulation or blood clotting
Serotonin – released by platelets which contracts smooth muscles in the blood vessel walls.
Hemostat

19. Coagulation: Formation of a blood clot
Stages
Chemicals convert fibrinogen (plasma proteins) into threads of fibrin
Stick to damaged blood vessels
Meshwork traps blood cells & platelets
Clot is formed
POSITIVE FEEDBACK

20. Clot Formation

21. What is blood? Video
Video

22. Production of Formed Elements
Hematopoiesis or hemopoiesis: Process of blood cell production
Stem cells: All formed elements derived from single population
Proerythroblasts: Develop into red blood cells
Myeloblasts: Develop into basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils
Lymphoblasts: Develop into lymphocytes
Monoblasts: Develop into monocytes
Megakaryoblasts: Develop into platelets

23. The process of blood cell production is called
Hematopoiesis
Hemorrhage
Hematosis
Edema

24. Hematopoiesis Occurs in red marrow
Red marrow replaced by yellow in limbs between 8-18 yrs
Blood stem cells
Pleuripotential
Myeloid stem cell
Lymphoid stem cells

25. Hematopoiesis

26. In an adult, red blood cells are produced in
the spleen.
red marrow.
the liver.
yellow marrow.

27. Blood Grouping
Determined by antigens (agglutinogens) on surface of RBCs
Antibodies (agglutinins) can bind to RBC antigens, resulting in agglutination (clumping) or hemolysis (rupture) of RBCs
Groups
ABO and Rh

28. ABO Blood Groups

29. Agglutination Reaction

30. Rh Blood Group First studied in rhesus monkeys Types
Rh positive: Have these antigens present on surface of RBCs
Rh negative: Do not have these antigens present
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)
Mother produces anti-Rh antibodies that cross placenta and cause agglutination and hemolysis of fetal RBCs

31. Someone that is RH + Does not have antigens present on the RBC surface
Have agglutination
Have the antigens present on the RBC surface
Cause type O blood

32. blood types must be compatible for transfusions

33. Sickle cell disease Genetic condition 1 nucleotide substitution
1 amino acid substitution
Hbs
With low O2 Hbs polymerizes
Creates “sickle” shape

34. Sickle cell disease  flexibility  fragility  blood viscosity  O2
 sickling
“crisis”
Painful ischemia
Lack of O2

35. Blood Disorders Erythrocytosis: RBC overabundance
Anemia: Deficiency of hemoglobin
Iron-deficiency
Pernicious
Hemorrhagic
Hemolytic
Sickle-cell

36. Blood Disorders Cont Hemophilia - blood doesn’t clot normally.
Thrombocytopenia - low blood platelet count
Leukemia - a cancer of the blood or bone marrow and is characterized by an abnormal high production of blood cells, usually white blood cells (leukocytes).

37. Blood Disorders cont. Septicemia - blood poisoning.
Malaria – parasites from mosquitoes multiply within RBC’s
Infectious mononucleosis – virus that infects B Lymphocytes
Hepatitis – virus that cause cell inflammation to occur in organs.

38. Sickle Cell Anemia can cause
Malaria
Decrease in Oxygen carrying capacity
Increase in Oxygen carrying capacity
Hemophilia