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XHTML References and Rules
William Pegram Revised 1/30/2017
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Reminders Filenames and foldernames should not have spaces in them
All the content of the webpage should go between the <body> and </body> Things in between <head> and </head> <title> - required for validation <style> - if you have embedded stylesheet <link> - if you have external stylesheet(s) <meta> - if you have meta tags <script> - if you have JavaScript; JS can also be in body in various ways)
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References to Other Files
HTML/XHTML files often contain references to other files. Examples of such references are: Links Images (inline, background, and favicon) External stylesheets Flash movies Video and audio using the new <video> and <audio> HTML5 tags External JavaScript files
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Ways of Referencing Other Files
Absolute using -- this is the only way to reference files on other websites Relative – the location of the file is specified relative to the location of the file in which the reference is contained Absolute using a beginning / (Dreamweaver calls these site-root references) – one specifies the path to the file beginning with the top level (root) of the site
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Relative References If both files are in the same folder, just specify the filename If in different folders, do like in the following example – Suppose you have a folder named redskins and at the top level of this folder you have files called allen.html and shanahan.html, a folder named offense and a folder named defense in the offense folder there is a file called mcnabb.html and in the defense folder there is a file called haynesworth.html
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Folder structure [Some folder containing the following] allen.html
shanahan.html [offense folder which contains the following file] mcnabb.html [defense folder which contains the following file] haynesworth.html
![Folder structure [Some folder containing the following] allen.html](http://slideplayer.com./slide/13611231/83/images/6/Folder+structure+%5BSome+folder+containing+the+following%5D+allen.html.jpg "shanahan.html [offense folder which contains the following file] mcnabb.html. [defense folder which contains the following file] haynesworth.html.")
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Relative references From the shanahan.html file, references to the other files would be written as follows: <a href="allen.html">General Manager</a> <a href="offense/mcnabb.html">QB</a> From the mcnabb.html file, references to the other files would be written as follows: <a href="../shanahan.html">Coach</a> <a href="../defense/haynesworth.html">Albert</a> The ../ takes you up one level, out of current folder; it can be repeated multiple times ../../ for up two levels, etc.
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Use of leading / in reference
If the reference begins with a / rather than a ../, the / means to start at the top level of the site. While this may seem like a simpler way to do the reference, the leading / has several disadvantages: The reference can't be tested locally (i.e. File>Open) What is the root of the site can depend on where the site is hosted, so the site becomes less portable than if the reference were relative – see
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XHTML Rules All tags and attribute names lowercase
Attribute values must be in double quotes No one-sided tags – use /> to end such tags Attributes must be set equal to values, thus in a radio button or checkbox you can't just used checked, but must say checked="checked" Thus instead of writing <input type="checkbox" name="day" checked> One writes <input type="checkbox" name="day" checked="checked" />
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