1. History Exam Review
Units 1-3

2. Unit 1 Review
New France

3. Before Europeans
Before Europeans arrived the Fist Nations Peoples lived throughout North America.
Generally, they respected nature and lived harmoniously with the land.

4. Jacques Cartier
In 1534 explorer Cartier was looking for new trade routes to Asia, as well as resources to make France rich.
By Cartier was exploring the St. Lawrence region, going as far as Hochelaga (Montreal).

5. Samuel de Champlain
Champlain was another French explorer looking for routes to Asia and riches for France.
He was an excellent map- maker and explored the St. Lawrence region from

6. Samuel de Champlain
For 20 years Champlain worked to build a colony for France.
He made alliances with the Huron people and even joined them in battle in

7. Settlers of New France
Initially, most settlers were soldiers and religious figures.
In 1611 Jesuit Priests arrived and began acting as missionaries trying to spread Catholicism.

8. The Fur Trade
The fur trade was the biggest part of the economy of New France.
First Nations Peoples traded beaver pelts for supplies from the French.
Until 1663, the Company of the Hundred Associates controlled the fur trade in the name of the king.

9. Coureur De Bois
Coureur De Bois – a French term meaning, “runners of the woods” was a name given to Europeans that travelled inland to trade furs directly with the First Nations Peoples.
Until 1663, when King Louis 14th changed the laws, they were trading illegally.

10. Seigneurial Land System
Seigneur (seigneurie): a man who was granted land by the king of France.
Habitants: the farmers who worked the land owned by the seigneurs.

11. The Filles du Roi
To help populate New France, young women (often orphans) were sent to marry in the new colony.
They were given free transportation and some money to get them settled upon their arrival.

12. The Métis Metis is an old French term meaning, “mixed”.
The Metis were a new race of people with one first nations parent and one European parent.
Often it was a Coureur De Bois who married a First Nations Woman

13. Effect of Europeans
Settlers brought weapons, supplies, and materials that changed the First Nations way of life.
The Europeans also brought their diseases, such as smallpox, which the First Nations Peoples had no immunity to.
Smallpox was first recorded in New France in 1616.

14. The Hierarchy of New France
Hierarchical Society: a society in which there are distinct levels of status or authority.
In New France there was a hierarchy of power and the King of France was at the top.

15. The Mercantilist System
Mercantilism: an economic system in which a colony provides the parent country with cheap raw materials and buys manufactured goods in return.
Triangular Trade: a colony could only trade with its parent country or with other colonies from the same country.

16. The Growth of The British Colonies
By the 1740s the British had strong colonies surrounding New France.
The British were also gaining control of the fur trade (The Hudson’s Bay Company was founded in 1670).

17. Support From First Nations
New France needed the support of First Nations Peoples to try to win the battle of the fur trade.
First nations canoes and snowshoes were used to try to increase efficiency.

18. Loss of Acadia
The French forces were concentrated on defending New France and not enough protection was placed on Acadia.
By 1713 Acadia was a British colony.

19. The Expulsion of Acadians
In 1755 all those in Acadia who would not swear an oath to the British king were expelled from the region (they were forced to leave).
Many went to the French colony of Louisiana, where people today are known as “Cajun” (an altered form of the word Acadian.

20. The Expulsion of Acadians

21. The Seven Years War
The Seven Years War was the climax of fighting between the French and British, with battles around the world.
In 1758 the British captured Louisbourg and destroyed the fortress.

22. The Plains of Abraham
In 1759 the British captured Quebec city in the Battle of the Plains of Abraham.
Montcalm led the forces of New France and Wolfe led the British.
The British used the “thin red line” as a strategy in their victory.

23. Plains of Abraham Both Montcalm and Wolfe died in this battle.
The Governor of New France, The Marquis de Vaudreuil surrendered Quebec to General Jefferey Amherst, the British commander.

24. The Treaty of Paris, 1763
The Seven Years War ended in 1763 when the French and the British signed a peace treaty in Paris.
New France was handed over to become part of British North America.

25. Legacy of New France
Although the French lost control of New France to the British, they left behind a legacy.
New France brought changes to the lives of First Nations Peoples.
New France established a French speaking and Roman Catholic population in North America forever.

26. Unit 2 Review
British North America

27. The Treaty of Paris, 1763
The British officially took over New France and renamed it, Quebec.
This left Canadiens (people of French decent) living in what was now a British colony.

28. Relations With First Nations
Initially, the British did not have good relations with the First Nations Peoples (see page of the textbook).
Rebellions occurred and even Germ Warfare.

29. The Royal Proclamation, 1763
The British used this treaty to try to make peace with the First Nations and to make Quebec secure.
It was issued by King George 3rd.
See page 76 of your textbook.

30. The Royal Proclamation, 1763
Only 11 years later the Royal Proclamation was replaced by the Quebec Act of 1774.

31. The Thirteen Colonies
The 13 colonies to the south were unhappy being under British control.
The 13 colonies were angry that they had been taxed heavily to pay for the 7 Years War ( ).

32. The Boston Tea Party
In 1773, in the city of Boston, people boarded ships and threw chests of tea into the sea.
By this time many people were ready to fight, and shortly afterwards the American Revolutionary War began.

33. The Quebec Act, 1774
To win more supporters the British created, The Quebec Act.
Among other things - it enlarged the territory of Quebec, allowed Roman Catholics to participate in government, and made the seigneurial system legal again in Quebec.

34. The American Declaration of Independence, 1776
In the summer of 1776, the Americans declared their independence from Britain (although the American Revolutionary War lasted from ).

35. The Treaty of Paris, 1783
Sometimes referred to as “The Second Treaty of Paris”, this treaty ended the American Revolutionary War.
Britain recognized the United States as being independent and the British left their country.

36. United Empire Loyalists
Many Americans who were of British decent, or loyal to Britain fled the United States and came to Canada.
The loyalists helped to rapidly develop the nation and brought their own culture and way of life with them.

37. United Empire Loyalists
Many loyalists settled in Upper Canada (Ontario) and also in Lower Canada (Quebec).
In Quebec, the Eastern Townships – near Montreal were a place where many loyalists settled…making that part of Quebec English- speaking.

38. The First Nations Peoples
With all the conflicts, First Nations Peoples were uprooted from their land.
Some First Nations were given land for their people, such as the Six Nations Reserve (led by Thayendanegea), but many of these land agreements were not honoured by the British.
These land issues are still around today (see pages ).

39. The War of 1812
Long Term Causes: causes that have existed for a while (such as the pre-existing tension between the U.S. and Britain).
Immediate Causes: Causes that happen just before an event (such as the British interference with American trade ships).
See pages

40. War of 1812: Major Battles
There were many battles through the 2 years of the war and they took place both in Canada and the United States (see pages ).
Also remember the major figures (page ).

41. The Treaty of Ghent, 1814
In Ghent, Belgium the British and the Americans reached a peace agreement to end the war.
Both sides claimed they won, but the border between the two nations remained the same.

42. The effects of The War of 1812
Lets read them together on page 122.

43. Unit 3 Review
Conflict and Change

44. Reactions to Conflict 5 common reactions to conflict Avoidance
Accommodation
Forcefulness
Compromise
Collaboration

45. Types of Conflict
Wars
Rebellions
Protests and demonstrations
Strikes

46. Types of Conflict - Wars
War: armed conflict, generally between nations
War is the most severe type of conflict
See page 138 of your textbook.

47. Types of Conflict - Rebellions
Rebellion: when citizens fight against the authorities in power
If they are successful, the rebellion is called a revolution
See page 139 of your textbook

48. Types of Conflict – Protests and Demonstrations
These are methods in which people show their displeasure about something
See page 140 of your textbook

49. Types of Conflict - Strikes
Strikes often lead to:
Consumers being inconvenienced
Businesses suffering
Workers losing wages
See page 141 of your textbook.

50. Rebellions of 1837 - 1838 Rebellion of 1837 in Upper Canada
Sir Francis Bond Head
William Lyon Mackenzie
Rebellion of 1837 in Lower Canada
Louis-Joseph Papineau
Battles of Saint-Denis and Saint-Charles
Battle of Saint-Eustasche

51. Rebellions of 1837 - 1838 Longterm Causes Undemocratic governments
See illustration on page 148 of your textbook
Government élites
Élite: a small, select group of powerful people
Economic Decline
Difficult time for farmers
Decline of the seigneurial system
An unhappy Lower Canada
Transportation
No cooperation between the Canadas

52. Sir Francis Bond Head British Lieutenant–governer of Upper Canada
Engineer
Seemed to support reform at first but did not in the end

53. William Lyon Mackenzie
Born in Scotland, came to Upper Canada
Elected to legislative assembly

54. Louis-Joseph Papineau
One of Lower Canada’s privileged people
Supported reform
Wanted to reform through peaceful means, not possible