1. Comparative Politics Changes and challenges to representative democracy Leadership, Audience democracy, presidentialization
Luca Verzichelli / Alessandro Chiaramonte
Comparative Political Institutions
Academic year

2. A Pyrros’ victory for the democratic model
A Pyrros’ victory for the democratic model? Heritage of XX century and new challenges
After 1975: global challenges and increase of “ungovernable issues” for traditional democracies
Increase of the grey area of “quasi-democratic regimes”. Other democracies in permanent transitions without consolidation
Complexity of policy making
Crisis of mass party organizations
Exponential increase of political mistrust

3. Redefining all the representative institutions?
Reintroducing the argument of the decline of representative institutions (quest for participatoy democracy and deliberative democracy)
Decline of party-democracy and emphasis on public opinion (Manin)
Counter-democracy and new social pluralism (Rosanvallon)
Still a relevant role of representative institution but challenges from social complexity, immigration, apathy.

4. Presidentialization of parliamentary democracy An old story?
Prime ministers with stable majorities tent to act like presidents with reduced accountability to parliamentary members
They increasingly used media to keep the “campaign spirit” and prolong the honey moon with the public opinion
They always know that there won’t be a “no confidence” vote against them if they keep given conditions under control
Personality use to matter more than policy, party (or even ideology) since decades

5. Audience democracy Manin, principles of representative government 1996
Metamorphoses and not crisis of parliamentary democracy
Crucial aspect: “maturity” of public opinion
Modernization and its effect on the delegation chain
Divide between politics perceived as “leader issues” and politics to be shared with ordinary people

6. Variations in representative government (Manin)
parliamentarism
Party democracy
Audience democracy
Election of rep.
Personal trust
Local links
notable
Party loyalty
Class membership
activists
Personal mediated trust
Electoral market
Media expert
Partial autonomy of rep.
Free expression
Party leaders guide
Images
Freedom of public
Voice of the people at the gate of parliament
Opposed views within parliament
public opinion and electoral views do not coincide
Opinion polls
Trial by discussion
parliament
Party negotiation
corporativism
Negotiation between government and interest groups
Debate in the media

7. Causes of presidentialization (Poguntke and Webb 2005)
Internationalization of politics
Growth of the State (but not of State’s resources)
Changing structure of mass communication
Erosion of (some) traditional cleavage politics

8. Leader democracy (Koroseny 2005)