1. assisting policy change
world bank
washington DC
February 6, 2007
assisting policy change
the role of technical advisers in formulating a metropolitan planning process in nairobi
e l l i o t t s c l a r
center for sustainable urban development at the Earth Institute at Columbia University
j u l i e t o u b e r

2. & 1 theory institutions matter
background context evaluating institutions csud methodology 1
theory
institutions matter
Institutional context is both a “given” in terms of constraints and a “variable” whose evolution must be considered as part of the planning process
Workable governance includes both market and non-market approaches to solve problems of
local is increasingly global
history matters & path analysis is critical
institutions are more powerful than markets
economic efficiency
&
social equity

3. 1 the case of transport in nairobi economic efficiency social equity
local is increasingly global
history matters & path analysis is critical
institutions are more powerful than markets
background context evaluating institutions csud methodology
air pollution 550% over the US 24hours standard for PM2.5
economic efficiency
social equity

4. 1 57minutes is the travel time per work trip
the case of transport in nairobi
background context evaluating institutions csud methodology
local is increasingly global
history matters & path analysis is critical
institutions are more powerful than markets
economic efficiency
social equity
57minutes is the travel time per work trip
(Institute for Transportation Development Policy, 2001)

5. 1 46% of the road users involved in fatal crashes are pedestrians
background context evaluating institutions csud methodology 1
the case of transport in nairobi
local is increasingly global
history matters & path analysis is critical
institutions are more powerful than markets
economic efficiency
social equity
46% of the road users involved in fatal crashes are pedestrians
(Global Road Safety Partnership, 2004)

6. 1 the case of transport in nairobi economic efficiency social equity
background context evaluating institutions csud methodology 1
the case of transport in nairobi
local is increasingly global
history matters & path analysis is critical
institutions are more powerful than markets
economic efficiency
social equity

7. 2 context institutions and political economy
background context evaluating institutions csud methodology 2
context
institutions and political economy
Williamson (2005): creation of “workable arrangements” or arrangements that connect social and private ends with alternative means
Key test: finding arrangements that effectively connect desired ends to means at the lowest possible transactions costs
When it comes to goods that have important benefits as well as costs, markets exchanges are not always the most effective structures of economic governance

8. 2 context transportation: a quasi public good
background context evaluating institutions csud methodology 2
context
transportation: a quasi public good
Because of the importance of urban transport to impact land use patterns and environmental quality, the external impacts of the collective market-based decisions of traveler are far greater than the impacts on the individual traveler

9. metropolitan planning - transport
background context evaluating institutions csud methodology 2
context: metropolitan planning in nairobi
Nairobi
CBD
public transit system
matatus terminal
metropolitan planning - transport
- park & ride -
keep private
larger buses
better safety
time gained
keep flexibility
market place
service focus point
health monitoring point
BRT option
image change
socially and environmentally sustainable

10. ? ? ? ? ? ? 3 An institutional challenge
identifying all the actors and their agenda(s) ?
Ministry of Local Government
Ministry of Lands ?
Nairobi City Council
Satellite cities ?
Ministry of Housing ? ? ?
NGOs
Population
Users
Nairobi Central Business Association
Ministry of Transport
Matatu Owners Association
Matatu Welfare Association
background context evaluating institutions csud methodology

11. 3 evaluating institutions “institutional functioning”
background context evaluating institutions csud methodology 3
evaluating institutions
“institutional functioning”
To analyze the workable arrangements necessary to the supply of transport it is first necessary to disentangle the various elements of “physical technologies and social technologies” (Nelson, 2005)
private operator
public infrastructure

12. 3 evaluating institutions A window of opportunity
background context evaluating institutions csud methodology 3
evaluating institutions
A window of opportunity
The 1973 Nairobi Metropolitan Growth Strategy legally expired, there is a process underway to create a Metropolitan Plan

13. background context evaluating institutions csud methodology4
csud approach
Context Africa is urbanizing at a faster rate than the rest of the world
about half the world’s population is classified as urban
by 2020 the urban population will be the majority

14. 4 ? csud approach Context political context
background context evaluating institutions csud methodology 4
csud approach
Context
political context
local context
Kenya Democracy
Reformed Government
Better economic context
Hub for East Africa
international context
Millennium Development Goals
Africa top of the int’l agenda for development
Africa center of int’l donors community
How to support urban policy change at the levels of national governments, local authorities and international institutions ?

15. 4 ? csud methodology Context geographic & social context
background context evaluating institutions csud methodology 4
csud methodology
Context
geographic & social context
redefining urban areas
Defining the relation between urban and rural
The challenge of the peri-urban areas
Role of the cities in the society
defining the African City Identity
Redefining access
Redefining mobility
Redefining the public space
training the new planners generation
By using new technologies
By sharing experience from the South
By defining a new African city identity
How to support urban policy change at the levels of national governments, local authorities and international institutions ?

16. 4 csud approach transitional zone between the
background context evaluating institutions csud methodology 4
csud approach
defining Land use becomes key
urban sprawl relies on a transportation system
transitional zone between the
rural and the urban environment

17. 4 csud approach integrated model
background context evaluating institutions csud methodology 4
csud approach
integrated model
based on University resources and the neutral status of the academic world
education
research
implementation
capacity building
Train the new generation of planners
Train technicians in public health
Hold specific seminars on urban management
Training on modeling software
access to information and knowledge
Open to resources available in the North
Reinforce an African knowledge network
Reinforce South-South linkages
Open to Joint publications
Definition of an African urban policy
Define criteria for the African cities
Reinforce the urban network in Africa
Give access to this network to the int’l institutions
Organize a South-South urban axis

18. background context evaluating institutions csud methodology4
csud methodology
Phase 1 [ ] Phase 2 [ ] Phase 3 [ ]
building network
design joint studios
Univ. of Nairobi – Urban and Regional Planning (DURP)
CU – UP, SIPA, Public Health
white papers
Infrastructure
Air quality
dvpment of integrated urban plan (iup)
Ruiru Strategic Dvpment Plan
Metropolitan Planning
transport Modeling
Dvpment of model for Nairobi Metropolitan area
Training seminars
air quality monitoring
Air Quality Modeling for Nairobi Metropolitan Area
INT’L CONFERENCE
to be held in Nairobi
New Frontiers of Planning
Presentation nairobi project
Application to Africa
financing Ruiru iup
Packaging and phasing an ipp
Sale to international donors or other donors
policy recommendations for local and central gvts
documenting the process

19. 4 4 transport air quality csud approach csud methodology
CSUD/DURP
Berkeley - Volvo Center of Excellence
KIPPRA and RCMRD
contracted
letter of intent
modeling
access data
Transport models for Nairobi Metropolitan Area
Different scenarios
Training seminars
At KIPPRA
At University of Nairobi
transport
air quality
Mailman School of Public Health
Columbia University
TBD (KIPPRA?)
Air Quality Monitoring system for Nairobi Metropolitan Area
Applications for Africa
At TBD 4
csud approach
research capacity 4
csud methodology
background context evaluating institutions csud methodology