1. Types of Tissues CP

2. Types of Tissues
Biological tissue is a group of cells that perform a similar or related function.
Tissues improve the efficiency of operation because they enable tasks to be shared amongst various specialized cells.
The study of tissues is called histology.
Animal tissues can be divided into four broad groups:
epithelial tissue, e.g. columnar epithelium of gall bladder
connective tissue, e.g. bone
muscle tissue, e.g. cardiac muscle
nervous tissue, e.g. neurons, glial cells A B A C B C D D

3. Connective Tissue
Connective tissue is the major supporting tissue of the animal body.
The cells are widely dispersed in a matrix, which ranges from being dense, (e.g. bone) to fluid (e.g. blood).
Connective tissues bind other structures together and provide support, and protection against damage, infection, or heat loss.
Connective tissues include:
Dentine (teeth)
Adipose (fat) tissue
Bone and cartilage
Tissues around the body’s organs and blood vessels
Blood (a liquid tissue)
In this embryo of a mouse, bone (magenta) and cartilage (blue) are highlighted by selective staining

4. Image:Orchinik Lab, Arizona State University
Nervous Tissue
Nervous tissue consists of two principal cell types:
Neurons: the structural and functional cells of the nervous system. Neurons are specialized to transmit and receive nerve impulses.
Neuroglia: the supporting cells of the nervous system. They are highly branched, supportive cells, which do not conduct nerve impulses.
Neurons
Image:Orchinik Lab, Arizona State University
Neuroglia

5. Nervous Tissue A C B
Supporting cells and connective tissue containing blood vessels may be associated with the neurons.
Photos right:
Axon branches supplying muscle fibers.
Layer of giant Purkinje neurons of the cerebellum.
Motor neurons (arrowed) from the spinal cord. Supporting glial cells lie in between. A B C

6. Muscle Tissue
Muscle tissue consists of highly specialized cells called fibers, held together by connective tissue.
The main feature of muscle tissue is that it is contractile and therefore responsible for both voluntary and involuntary (unconscious) body movements.
Contraction is accomplished by the interaction of contractile proteins.
One sarcomere.
I band (light)
A band (dark)
Z line
H zone
Muscle tissue

7. Muscle Tissue There are three types of muscle in the body:
Cardiac muscle: cylindrical, branching cells connected by gap junctions.
Skeletal muscle: large, long, cells with multiple peripheral nuclei.
Smooth muscle: no striations, spindle-shaped cells with single central nucleus.
Type: Skeletal (striated) muscle
Location: Attached to bone.
Type: smooth muscle. Location: walls of hollow organs, skin, glands
Type: Cardiac muscle
Location: Heart

8. Epithelial Tissue
Epithelial tissue is organized into single or layered sheets of cells.
Epithelial tissue lines internal and external surfaces (e.g. blood vessels, ducts, gut lining) and protects the underlying structures from wear, infection, or pressure.
Epithelial cells rest on a basement membrane and are held together by a glue-like intercellular substance.
Epithelial cells may also be ciliated or variously specialized for absorption, secretion, or filtration.
Simple columnar epithelium, gall bladder
Ciliated epithelium
Image: EII

9. Describing Epithelia
Epithelia are classified as simple (single layered) or stratified (two or more layers).
The cells may be squamous (flat), cuboidal (roughly cube-shaped), or columnar (column-shaped).
Therefore, at least two adjectives describe any particular epithelial cell, e.g.
Simple cuboidal
Stratified squamous
Image: Ebustad
Simple cuboidal epithelium

10. Specialised Epithelia
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Image: EII
Pseudostratified epithelium is a type of simple epithelium that appears layered because the cells are of different heights.
Transitional epithelium is a type of stratified epithelium which is capable of considerable stretching.
Transitional epithelium lines organs such as the urinary bladder.
Epithelia may be modified, e.g. ciliated or specialized for secretion, absorption, or filtration.
Glandular epithelium is specialised for secretion.
Epithelia in the respiratory tract are ciliated.
Transitional epithelium, urinary bladder
Image:Polarlys CC 3.0

11. Simple Epithelia
Simple columnar epithelium
The simple epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract (left) is easily recognised by the regular column-like cells.
It is specialized for secretion and absorption.
Image:WbenSmith
Simple cuboidal epithelium is common in glands and their ducts.
It also lines the kidney tubules (right) and the surface of the ovaries.
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Image: Ebustad

12. Simple squamous epithelium in kidney
Squamous Epithelia
Simple squamous epithelium in kidney
Simple squamous epithelium lines surfaces where rapid diffusion is required, such as in the capillaries, alveoli (bottom left), and lining the glomerular capsule (top left).
Image: EII
Image: EII
Simple squamous epithelium in alveoli

13. Stratified Epithelia
Stratified epithelium is more durable than simple epithelium because it has several layers.
It has a protective role and can be keratinised, e.g. in skin (right), or without keratin, e.g. in the vagina (below).
Non-keratinised stratified epithelium.
Image: EII
Image: EII
Keratinised stratified epithelium.