1. Introduction to Chemistry
Chapters 1&3

2. Pre-class Activity
Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes that it undergoes.
What is matter? Be prepared to give two examples of matter that can be found in the classroom

3. Chemistry and Matter
Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes that it undergoes.
Anything that has mass and takes up space
A measurement that reflects the amount of matter

4. Questions What in the universe isn’t matter?
Energy
Why aren’t the terms mass and weight interchangeable?
Weight is not only a measure of the amount of matter, but also a measure of the effect that gravity has on matter

5. Scientific Method – A Systematic Approach
Draw conclusions and revise hypothesis
OBSERVATION
HYPOTHESIS
EXPERIMENT
THEORY
SCIENTIFIC
LAW
Theories are supported by many experiments

6. Scientific Method Scenario
A scientist owns fish that are very sensitive to changes in temperature. One morning, after a huge storm, he came into the lab only to find that all the fish in his tank were dead. He suspected that there might have been a power outage due to the storm, in which the power to the heater may have been interrupted. To test this, he measured the temperature of the tank, only to find that it is normal.
Identify the observation, hypothesis and experiment in the paragraph above. Does the result of the experiment support the hypothesis?

7. Arise following many, many experiments
Theory vs. Law
Provides an explanation of what occurs in nature
Merely states what occurs in nature
Arise following many, many experiments

8. Observations Qualitative vs. Quantitative Hot 300o Temperature Height
Mass
Length

9. Experiments A set of controlled observations that test a hypothesis.
Key Terms
Variable: A quantity or condition that can have more than one value
Independent Variable: A variable that is changed by the investigator in an experiment
Dependent Variable: A variable the changes in response to the independent variable
Control: A standard for comparison

10. Experimental Design Example
The Effect of Temperature on the Respiration Rate of Fish
Temp (oC)
Respiration Rate
What is the dependent variable?
What is the independent variable?
What would be an appropriate control?
What is the relationship between respiration rate and Temperature?

11. Pure vs. Applied Research
Gaining knowledge for the sake of knowledge
Vs.
Gaining knowledge to solve a specific problem

12. Benchmark
If you haven’t already done so, you should read chapter 1 of your text and complete homework assignments #1-3 listed below.
Home work #1 Page 9
#6, 7, and 10
Homework #2 Page 13
#11, 12, 14, and 16
Homework #3 Page 17
#17

13. Mrs. Pav’s Milk Lab Write-Up
Pupose: To determine if milk type affects the migration time of food coloring in the milk experiment
Hypothesis: If whole milk is substituted for skim milk in the milk experiment, the food coloring will migrate slower.
Materials: In addition to materials listed for the milk lab, whole milk was added
Procedure: Refer to written procedure for the milk lab. The migration time of food coloring was measured by using a stop watch to record the time that it took for the food coloring to migrate to the edge of the petri dish.
Results: The time for the control (skim milk) was 4.8 seconds. The time for the experimental group (whole milk) was 3.2 seconds.
Conclusions: The hypothesis was confirmed by the data because the migration time of food coloring increased for whole milk as compared to skim milk

14. Pre-class Activity
Physical properties of matter are those properties that can be observed or measured without changing the composition of the matter.
The ability of a substance to combine with or change into one or more other substances is called a chemical property
Does the photograph to the right depict a physical property of water or a chemical property of water?
Homework (Due 9/22)
Start/Continue Working on chapter(s) review assignment

15. States of Matter (Physical Forms)
Shape
Volume
Compressibility
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Incompressible
Definite
Definite
Nearly Incompressible
Indefinite
Definite
Compressible
Indefinite
Indefinite

16. Physical Properties of Matter
Physical properties of matter are those properties that can be observed or measured without changing the composition of the matter.

17. Extensive vs. Intensive Properties
Extensive properties are dependent on the amount of matter present
Intensive properties are independent of the amount of matter present.

18. Classification of Matter
Contains only one type of matter. AKA pure substances
Matter
Substances
Mixtures
Contains more than one type of matter.
Physical Change

19. Physical Change
A change which alters a substance without changing its composition

20. Mixtures Matter Substances Mixtures Physical Change Homogeneous
Heterogeneous
Constant composition throughout. AKA solutions
Not well blended. Individual components remain distinct

21. Chemical Properties
The ability of a substance to combine with or change into one or more substances is called a chemical property
A chemical property cannot be observed unless a substance undergoes a chemical change (changes into a new substance)

22. Substances Matter Substances Mixtures Compounds Elements
Physical Change
Chemical Change
Homogeneous
Heterogeneous
A pure substance that can not be broken down in to simpler substances by physical or chemical means
A chemical combination of two or more different elements

23. Elements & Compounds A first look at the periodic table…
The periodic table is a chart that organizes the elements into a grid of horizontal rows called periods and vertical columns called groups or families.

24. Evidence of a Chemical Reaction
Change in color
Change in temperature
Endothermic vs. Exothermic
Production of a gas
Production of a precipitate
Absorption of energy
Release of energy
Two liquids are combined and a solid is formed

25. Law of Conservation of Mass
“Mass is neither created or destroyed in a chemical reaction, it is conserved”
Coefficient
Subscript
47g g
79g

26. Benchmark
If you haven’t already done so, you should read chapter pages of your text and complete homework assignments #4-5 listed below.
Home work #4 Page 60
#2, 3, and 5
Homework #5 Page 65
#10, 11, 12, 13, and 15

27. Separation Techniques
Chromatography: Separates the components of mixtures (mobile phase) on the basis of the tendency of each to travel or be drawn across the surface of another material.

28. Separation Techniques
Distillation: Separates homogeneous mixtures based on differences in boiling points.

29. Separation Techniques
Filtration: Uses a porous barrier to separate a solid from a liquid in a heterogeneous mixture.

30. Separation Techniques
Crystallization: A technique that results in the formation of pure solid particles of a substance from a solution containing the dissolved substance

31. Pre-Class Question
Which of the following photographs represent physical change?

32. Review
What is required to separate a mixture into individual substances?
A Physical Change
What is the key difference between a physical change and a chemical change?
During a physical change the composition of matter stays the same. The composition of a substance is altered as a result of a chemical change.
Homework
Be prepared for homework quiz #2 on Wednesday 9/21

33. Compounds Law of Definite Proportions:
Elements combine in definite proportions by mass.
The percent by mass of each element in a compound will be the same regardless of the quantity of the compound.

34. Elements & Compounds
Law of Definite Proportions…
Example

35. Compounds
Law of Multiple Proportions: When different compounds are formed from the same elements, different masses of one element combine with the same relative mass of the other element in small whole numbers.
CuCl or CuCl2

36. Benchmark
If you haven’t already done so, you should read pages of your text and complete homework assignments #6-7 listed below.
Home work #6 Page69
#15, 16, 17, 18, and 19
Homework #3 Page 77
#25, 26, 28, and 30

37. Review Assignment Page 22 Page 23 Page 82 Page 85
#27, 29, 31, 32, 33, 37, 38, and 39
Page 23
#1, 3, 5, and 7
Page 82
#34, 37, 39, 41, 47, 49, 57, 61, 68, 69, and 71
Page 85
#1, 3, 5, 7, and 9