1. Chapter 2 Jigsaw Puzzle Project
By Tony Stepanyan Ben Matthews Ryan Williams Mohammad Shafi

2. What is a civilization. Characteristics of a civilization
What is a civilization? Characteristics of a civilization? How did they grow before 600 BCE?
The stage of human social development and organization that is considered most advanced.
Large population centers
Unique art styles
Written language
They built powerful armies, devised transportation based on wheel vehicles, and expanded craftsmen (human skills).

3. Where did the early civilizations of your chapter develop and why did they develop in those locations?
The early civilization of my chapter developed between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in modern-day Iraq.
The Tigris and Euphrates river brought large volumes of freshwater. By tapping these rivers, they could build reservoirs, dig canals, and irrigate fields of barley, wheat, and peas.

4. What is a state. Who ruled the early states
What is a state? Who ruled the early states? Which segments of society supported the ruler?
A nation or territory considered as an organized political community under one government.
Hammurabi (reigned B.C.E) “King of the four quarters of the world”
The Babylonian empire.

5. Was your state able to expand & conquer neighboring state’s?
The Hittie empire was able to conquer modern day Syria. The area they conquered was originally part of Hammurabi’s empire.
A sumerian city state, Kish, expanded to southern Mesopotamia to try and conquer more land. After this, Mesopotamia was under control of powerful regional empires.

6. What role did pastoral civilizations play in regards to building empires?
Pastoral civilizations were mostly used to pass information between empires. They were also used to develop new weapons and for transportation. Within the empires they were always thinking of ideas to develop new ways of transportation and new weapons.
So you can say pastoral civilizations played a big role in building empires.

7. How did culture play a role in unifying populations?
Culture played a big role in unifying populations together. They had different kinds of writing cultural traditions, such as cuneiform writing. This helped Sumerians come together and communicate.
When there was a birth or marriage families would come together and have fun dancing and with tons of food.
Overall culture played an important role in unifying populations.

8. What architectural forms did your early civilizations produce?
They built an elaborate and cosmopolitan capital city at Jerusalem.
Their meager lands did not permit for development of a large agricultural society, so after 2500 B.C.E the Phoenicians turned increasingly to trade and industry.
They did not establish a unified monarchy instead they developed a series of independent city-states.

9. Which social class encouraged the development of art?
Scribes encouraged the development of art. They often impressed symbols into wet clay and then would let it harden to preserve a permanent record of the scribes storage.
They also crafted sculptures out of stone on horse chariots and other icons of war.
One horse chariot carving that was made in 1200 B.C.E depicts a Hittite horse chariot with spoked wheels during a lion hunt.

10. What form of writing developed in your ancient civilization?
Cuneiform writing was the first form of writing developed. The Sumerians were the ones to develop this form of writing in 2900 BCE.
This writing form used graphic symbols to represent sounds, syllables, and ideas. Eventually, Babylonians, Assyrians, and other people took this writing form and transferred it to their languages.

11. What was the relationship between literature and culture play?
Southwest Asia and indo-Europe built states throughout Mesopotamia, which encouraged the production of empires. Urban society in Mesopotamia promoted the emergence of social classes, which caused social and economic complexes to rise.

12. What pre-600 BCE religions strongly influenced later eras?
The religions that strongly influenced later eras are
:judaism,buddhism,jainism,taoism,confucianism, Legalism, and Guardianism.

13. What trade routes and outside people did your early civilization utilize?
China supplied West Asia and the Mediterranean world with silk, while spices were obtained principally from South Asia. These goods were transported by seagoing ships along the Silk and Spice routes. Cities along this trade route grew rich providing services to merchants and acting as international marketplaces.

14. How did social and gender identities develop pre-600 BCE in your early civilization?
At ruling courts, sometimes women would advise the kings and the government.
A few women attained great power and were high priestesses who managed the enormous estates belonging to temples.
Slaves were often prisoners of war, but could be criminals or heavily indebted individuals.
Often the masters of the slaves would grant them freedom, sometimes with a financial gift,