1. Chapter 20 Foreign and Military Policy

2. WHO GOVERNS? TO WHAT ENDS?
Is American foreign policy set by public wishes or elite views?
If only Congress can declare war, why has the president become so powerful in military affairs?
TO WHAT ENDS?
Why do we go to war against some dictatorships and not others?
Should our foreign policy be based on American interests or some conception of human rights?
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4. © PPIimages / Demotix/Demotix/Corbis
In May 2011 Osama bin Laden was killed by U.S. special forces in the house behind this wall, located in Abbottabad, Pakistan.
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5. Kinds of Foreign Policy
Majoritarian Politics
Decision to go to war
Interest Group Politics
Decisions regarding tariffs
Client Politics
Aid to American business abroad
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6. Fars/Abaca/Newscom
A nuclear reactor in southern Iran. America suspects that Iran will build nuclear weapons somewhere in that country.
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7. The Constitutional and Legal Context
Presidential Box Score
International diplomacy and the use of American troops
Historical comparisons that suggest the President’s ability to act decisively often appears modest.
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9. © Bettmann/CORBIS
In 1962 President Kennedy forced the Soviet Union to withdraw the missiles it had placed in Cuba after their presence was revealed by aerial photograph.
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10. The Constitutional and Legal Context
Checks on Presidential Power
Limitations on aid
The War Powers Act
Intelligence oversight
House and Senate Intelligence Committees
Office of the Director of National Intelligence
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11. The Constitutional and Legal Context
Evaluating the Power of the President
Supreme Court’s Position
Extraordinary Measures
Lincoln
Johnson
Nixon
Carter
FDR and WW II
Evaluating the Power of the President
Supreme Court’s Position
Extraordinary Measures
Lincoln
Johnson
Nixon
Carter
FDR and WW II
National Archives
Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, President Roosevelt ordered all Japanese Americans living on the West Coast be interned in prison camps.
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13. The Machinery of Foreign Policy
Expansion after WWII
The president put foreign policy at top of the agenda
Policy was shaped by scores of agencies
Rivalries within the executive branch intensify rivalries between that branch and Congress
Interests of the various organizations affect the positions they take
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15. Foreign Policy and Public Opinion
World War II
Vietnam
September 11, 2001
Backing the President
Mass versus Elite Opinion
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16. Source: Updated from Theodore J
Source: Updated from Theodore J. Lowi, The End of Liberalism (New York: Norton, 1969), 184. Poll data are from Gallup poll. Time lapse between “before” and “after” samplings of opinion was in no case more than one month.
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17. Source: Global Views 2004 (Chicago: Chicago Council on Foreign Relations, 2004).
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18. Cleavages Among Foreign Policy Elites
How a worldview shapes foreign policy
Isolationism
Containment
Disengagement
Human rights
Political polarization
© CORBIS
A meeting that named an era: in Munich in 1938, British prime minister Neville Chamberlain attempted to appease the territorial ambitions of Hitler. Chamberlain’s failure brought World War II closer.
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19. U.S. Navy
The battleship USS West Virginia burns after being hit by Japanese warplanes at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941.
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20. Source: Chicago Council on Global Affairs, “Constrained Internationalism” (Chicago, 2010).
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21. The Use of Military Force
Two views of the role of the military
Majoritarian
Client
Military-industrial complex
War in Iraq
Replace with jpeg, p. 541
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22. U.S. Military Intervention in the Middle East
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25. The Defense Budget: Total Spending
Source: Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller), “National Defense Budget
Estimates for FY 2007.”
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26. Source: Gallup Poll
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27. The Defense Budget What do we get with our money? Personnel
Personnel Issues:
Movement to an all-volunteer armed forces
Increase in the numbers of women in service
Homosexuals in service
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28. Source: Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1998, 363.
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29. The Defense Budget What do we get with our money? Big Ticket Items
Cost overruns
Remedies
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30. Vandenberg Air Force Base
The United States has tried to decide whether to build interceptors like this one to shoot down incoming missiles from enemies.
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31. Women Marine recruits go through close combat training.
Scott Olson/Getty Images News
Women Marine recruits go through close combat training.
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32. Paul Chinn/San Francisco Chronicle/Corbis
Retired Navy commander Zoe Dunning (2nd from left) and her friends celebrate the end of “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” in San Francisco.
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33. The Defense Budget What do we get with our money? Readiness Bases
Training and readiness issues
Bases
Keeping bases open
1998 Commission on Base Realignment and Closure
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34. The Structure of Defense Decision Making
National Security Act of 1947
Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986
Joint Chiefs of Staff
The Services
The Chain of Command
President – Commander-in-Chief
Secretary of Defense
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35. The New Problem of Terrorism
Bipolar world – A political landscape with two superpowers
Unipolar world – A political landscape with one superpower
Doctrine of preemption – attacking a determined enemy before they can attack us or an ally
Iraq and Afghanistan
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37. WHAT WOULD YOU DO?
M E M O R A N D U M To: The President From: National security adviser Subject: Hostages The six Americans held hostage in the Middle East are beginning their second year of captivity. One, a CIA officer, is undergoing torture. It has been the policy of this administration not to negotiate with terrorists. Criticism of this refusal is being heard from hostage families and their sympathizers. The terrorist groups are demanding that we end our support of Israel. A government in the region has secretly indicated that, in exchange for military supplies, it may be able to help win the release of “some” hostages.
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38. WHAT WOULD YOU DO?
Your options: 1. Maintain the “no-negotiations” policy but use quiet diplomacy with friendly nations in the region to see whether they can intercede with the terrorist groups on behalf of the hostages. Advantages: (a) Our “no-negotiations” policy remains credible, and this will deter other terrorist groups from thinking that they can win concessions by capturing Americans. (b) This policy is consistent with our insistence that U.S. allies not negotiate with terrorists. Disadvantages: (a) There is no evidence that our traditional policy will get the hostages released. (b) Public sympathy for the hostages may increase, and this will lead to more criticism of this administration for failing to free captive Americans.
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39. WHAT WOULD YOU DO?
Your options: 2. Secretly exchange arms for the release of Americans. Advantages: (a) Some or all hostages may be released. (b) We may earn the goodwill of more moderate elements in the area and thereby increase our influence there. Disadvantages: (a) We may deliver arms and no hostages will be released. (b) If secret arms deliveries become public, we will be heavily criticized for abandoning our “no-negotiations” policy. 3. Use military units to find and free the hostages. Advantage: The hostages may be freed without our having to make any concessions. Disadvantages: (a) The military is not optimistic that it can find and free the hostages, who are being kept in hidden, scattered sites. (b) The hostages may be killed during the rescue effort.
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40. WHAT WOULD YOU DO?
Your decision: Option 1 _________________ Option 2 _________________ Option 3 _________________
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