1. Therapies for Psychological Disorders

2. Therapy Therapy – A general term for any treatment process.
In psychology and psychiatry, therapy refers to a variety of psychological and biomedical techniques aimed at dealing with mental disorders or coping with problems of living.

3. Why enter therapy?
When they have a problem they’re unable to solve by themselves.

4. The components of therapy
Building a relationships between patient / client and therapist / doctor.
Identifying the problem.
Identifying the cause of the problem or the conditions that maintain the problem.
Deciding on a carrying out some form of treatment.

5. History
European - Exorcisms due to the fact that many people believed that disorders were produced my demonic possession.
Asylums of very poor quality where people were treated like animals.

6. Modern Approaches to Therapy
Psychological Therapies – Therapies based on psychological principles(rather than on the biomedical approach.
Often called psychotherapy

7. Modern Approaches to Therapy
Biomedical Therapies – Treatments that focus on altering the brain, especially with drugs, psychosurgery, or electroconvulsive therapy.

8. Insight therapies
Insight Therapies – Psychotherapies in which the therapist helps patients / clients understand (gain insight into) their problems by identifying underlying motives
Sometimes called Talk Therapies
Psychotherapies that focus on communicating and verbalizing emotions and motives to understand their problems.

9. Insight Therapies Freudian Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis – The form of psychodynamic therapy developed by Sigmund Freud.
The goal of psychoanalysis is to release conflicts and memories from the unconscious.
Resistance – the blocking from consciousness of anxiety laden material.
Interpretation – The analyst’s noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight.
Transference – The patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent).

10. Insight Therapies Freudian Psychoanalysis
Analysis of Transference – The Freudian technique of analyzing and interpreting the patient’s relationship with the therapist, based on the assumption that this relationship mirrors unresolved conflicts in the patient’s past.

11. Insight Therapies Psychodynamic Therapy
Therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight.

12. Insight Therapies
Neo-Freudian Psychodynamic Therapies – Therapies for mental disorders that were developed by psychodynamic theorists who embraced some of Freud’s ideas but disagreed with others.

13. Insight Therapies
Humanistic Therapies – Treatment techniques based on the assumption that people have a tendency for positive growth and self-actualization, which may be blocked by an unhealthy environment that can include negative self-evaluation and criticism from others.

14. Insight Therapies Humanistic Therapies
Client-centered therapy – A humanistic approach to treatment developed by Carl Rogers, emphasizing an individual’s tendency for healthy psychological growth through self-actualization.
Active Listening – Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers’ client centered therapy.
Unconditional positive regard is also a key part of client centered therapy.

15. Insight Therapies Humanistic Therapies
Reflection of feeling – Carl Roger’s technique for paraphrasing the clients’ words, attempting to capture the emotional tone expressed.

16. Behavior Therapies
Behavior Therapy – Any form of psychotherapy based on the principles of behavioral learning, especially operant conditioning and classical conditioning.
Behavior Modification – Another term for behavior therapy.

17. Behavior Therapies Classical Conditioning Therapies
Systematic Desensitization – A behavioral technique in which anxiety is extinguished by exposing the patient to an anxiety-provoking stimulus.
Exposure Therapy – A form of desensitization in which the patient directly confronts the anxiety-provoking stimulus (as opposed to imagining the stimulus.

18. Behavior Therapies Classical Conditioning Therapies
Aversion Therapy – As a classical conditioning procedure, aversive counter-conditioning involves presenting individuals with an attractive stimulus paired with unpleasant (aversive) stimulation in order to condition revulsion

19. Behavior Therapies Operant Conditioning Therapies
Contingency Management – An operant conditioning approach to changing behavior by altering the consequences, especially rewards and punishments, of behavior.

20. Behavior Therapies Operant Conditioning Therapies
Token Economy – An operant technique applied to groups, such as classrooms or mental hospital wards, involving the distribution of “tokens” or other indicators of reinforcement contingent on desired behaviors.
The tokens can later be exchanged for privileges, food, or other reinforcers.

21. Behavior Therapies Observational-Learning Therapy
Participant Modeling – A social-learning technique in which a therapist demonstrates and encourages a client to imitate a desired behavior.

22. Cognitive Therapies
Cognitive Therapy – Emphasizes rational thinking (as opposed to subjective emotion, motivation, or repressed conflicts) as the key to treating mental disorder.

23. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy - A newer form of psychotherapy that combines the technique of cognitive therapy with those of behavior therapy.

24. Cognitive-Behavior Therapy
Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy – Albert Ellis’s brand of cognitive therapy, based on the idea that irrational thoughts and behaviors are the cause of mental disorders.

25. Group/Family Therapies
Group Therapy
Any form of psychotherapy done with more than one client/patient at a time.
Group therapy s of done from a humanistic perspective.

26. Group / Family Therapy Group Therapy
Self-help support groups – Groups that provide social support and an opportunity for sharing ideas about dealing with common problems.
Such groups are typically organized and run by laypersons, rather than professional therapists.
Example – Alcoholics Anonymous

27. Group / Family Therapy Group Therapy Couples and family therapy
Treats the family as a system. Views an individual’s unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members.

28. Drug Therapy / Psychopharmacology (Biomedical)
Psychopharmacology – The prescribed use of drugs to help treat symptoms of mental illness ostensibly to ensure that individuals are more receptive to talk therapies.

29. Drug Therapy / Psychopharmacology (Biomedical)
Antipsychotic Drugs
Antipsychotic drugs – Medicines that diminish psychotic symptoms, usually by their effect on the dopamine pathways in the brain.
Tardive dyskinesia – An incurable disorder of motor control, especially involving muscles of the face and head, resulting from long-term use of antipsychotic drugs.

30. Drug Therapy / Psychopharmacology (Biomedical)
Antidepressants and Mood Stabilizers
Antidepressant Drugs – Medicines that affect depression, usually by their effect on serotonin and/or norepinephrine pathways in the brain.
Lithium Carbonate – A simple chemical compound that is highly effective in dampening the extreme mood swings of bipolar disorder.
A form of mood stabilizer

31. Drug Therapy / Psychopharmacology (Biomedical)
Antianxiety Drugs
A category of drugs that includes the barbiturates and benzodiazepines, drugs that diminish feelings of anxiety.

32. Drug Therapy / Psychopharmacology (Biomedical)
Stimulants
Drugs that normally increase activity level by encouraging communication among neurons in the brain.
However, they have been found to suppress activity level in persons with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

33. Other Medical Therapies
Psychosurgery – The general term for surgical intervention in the brain to treat psychological disorders.
Lobotomy – A now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain.

34. Other Medical Therapies
Brain-Stimulation Therapies
Electroconvulsive Therapy – A treatment used primarily for depression and involving the application of an electric current to the head, producing a generalized seizure.
Sometimes called “Shock Treatment”
Repetitive Transcranial magnetic stimulation – A treatment that involves magnetic stimulation of specific regions of the brain. Unlike ECT, TMS does not produce a seizure.

35. Hospitalization and Alternatives
Therapeutic Community – Maxwell Jones’s term for a program of treating mental disorders by making the institutional environment supportive and humane for patients.

36. Hospitalization and Alternatives
Deinstitutionalization – The policy of removing patients, whenever possible, from mental hospitals.
Community Health Movement – An effort to deinstitutionalize patients and to provide therapy from outpatient clinics.
Proponents of community mental health envisioned that recovering patients could live with their families, in foster homes, or in group homes.