1. WHAP
ROME

2. rome Etruscans arrive in Italy 800 BCE, establish small city states
City of Rome founded (according to legend by twin brothers Romulus and Remus)
509 BCE Rome gains independence, formed as a republic
Influenced by Greek culture and politics

3. Rome
Ruling body- Senate (patricians) aristocrats/wealthy landowners pass down positions to sons
General Assembly- (plebians) commoners (who make up 90% of the population), had little power
Executive- made up of two consuls (one year term) elected from Senate
Plebians eventually gain tribunes as representatives- could use veto power in Senate

4. Rome
Julius Caesar- patrician general forms triumvirate ( also Pompey and Crassus), Rome ruled by 3. Later Julius proclaims himself dictator.
After Julius assassinated by Senate (44 BCE) his nephew Octavian and Mark Anthony battle for control of Rome. Octavian is triumphant at Battle of Actium (31 BCE)- senate declares Octavian as Augustus Caesar- establishing Roman Empire Recommended: research Cleopatra

5. Roman Empire at most powerful

6. Julius Caesar, Octavian

7. Rome
Augustus- institutes new civil service where provinces ruled by governors
Formalized roman law- Law of the twelve tables
Military reforms- reduces size, uses army to build roads and public works
Reforms usher in Pax Romana- Roman peace that lasted until late 2nd century CE (Roman empire at largest extent and most prosperous during this time)

8. Rome
Roman society based on paterfamilias- oldest living male has complete authority over family
Women- educated and vocal but no real power, could run family businesses,inherit property and divorce
Slaves-used for domestic tasks mining/agriculture, also fight in arena (bread and circus entertainment to prevent civil disorder) gladiators
Recommend: research servile rebellions and Spartacus

9. Colosseum, events at games

10. ROME
Rome expansion to Mediterranean- Punic Wars ( BCE) with Carthage, Carthage civilization decimated (Recommend: Carthage General Hannibal) conquered peoples sometimes offer citizenship in return for supplying soldiers/giving tribute
Roman legal ideas- courts set precedent for further cases, equity among all citizens, judges interpret the law, natural law
Poet Virgil- “Aeneid” (founding of rome) uses and retells stories from Greek Homer

11. Hannibal with war elephants

12. Rome Latin language spreads, Roman architecture
Roman gods similar to Greeks (ex: Jupiter=Zeus, Neptune=Poseidon) religious festivals, celebrations
Stoicism- service to state and community highest calling ex: Cincinnatus
Decline of Rome- many reasons but include, difficulty in defending large borders, incompetent Emperors, political instability,population decline from disease

13. Rome
Constantine founds Constantinople (modern day Istanbul in Turkey) Empire in East (Byzantine) lasts until 1452 CE while Rome Empire ends in 476 CE with sack of Rome by Visgoths
Romulus and Remus- according to legend the brothers who founded Rome