1. Weight Management
Chapter 14

2. Health Risks Associated with Excess Body Fat
Obesity Is associated with:
Unhealthy cholesterol and TG levels
Impaired heart function
CVD
Hypertension
Cancer
Impaired immune function
Gallbladder and kidney disease
Skin problems
Impotence, sleep disorder back pain, arthritis
Type II diabetes (strong association)

3. Body Fat Visceral Fat Subcutaneous Fat Percent Body Fat
Fat surrounding organs (within abdomen)
Subcutaneous Fat
Fat just below the skin; not as hazardous to your health
Percent Body Fat
Definition: Proportion of the body’s total weight that is fat
Average for Women: 25-31%
Average for Men: 18-24%

4. Evaluating Body Weight and Body Composition
Methods for Evaluating Obesity
Body Mass Index (BMI): A measure of body weight that is useful for classifying the health risks of body weight (weight-to-height standard)
Calculated by the following equation:
(Weight in pounds /2.2)
(Height in inches x0.0254)squared
= healthy
25-30 =overweight
Over 30 = obese

5. Methods of Determining Percent Body Fat
Hydrostatic (underwater) weighing
Most accurate
Lean tissue is more dense than water; Fat tissue is less dense than water.
Therefore a person with more body fat will weigh less underwater and be more buoyant
Skinfold measurements
Measures thickness of fat under the skin
Electrical Impedance Analysis
Electricity prefers lean tissue and thus travels faster through it

7. Energy Balance Energy balance equation:
Energy in = caloric intake from food
Energy out = caloric expenditure
Resting metabolism
Digestion
Physical activity
When energy in = energy out Maintain weight
Calories > Energy out positive energy balance (Gain weight over time)
Calories < Energy out negative energy balance (Lose weight over time)

8. Body Fat distribution and Health
Apples
Store fat in abdominal area
Increased risk of high blood pressure, diabetes, early-onset heart disease, stroke, cancer
Pears
Store fat in hips, buttocks, thighs
Assessed by measuring waist circumference
> 40 inches for men and 35 inches for women is considered a risk
There is also WHR to consider (waist to hip ratio)

9. Problems Associated with Very Low Levels of Body Fat
Low % body fat has been linked to problems with the Reproductive, Circulatory, & Immune systems
Female Athlete Triad
Abnormal eating patterns
Amenorrhea
Decreased bone density

10. Factors Contributing To Excess Body Fat
Genetic Factors
Genes influence body size, shape fat distribution
300 genes have been linked to obesity
Physiological Factors
Metabolism
Low BMR/RMR = Basal/Resting Metabolic Rate (number of calories you'd burn if you stayed in bed all day)
Hypothyroidism= low thyroid activity
Hormones
Leptin – satiety hormone

11. Factors Contributing To Excess Body Fat
Lifestyle Factors
Eating
Easy access to high calorie foods
Eating out of proportion
Physical Activity
Reduced
Psychosocial factors
Emotions
Coping strategies

12. Psychological Problems associated with weight
Body Image
Severe body image problems like Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) can exist

13. Eating Disorders
Anorexia Nervosa - Failure to eat enough food to maintain a reasonable body weight
Characteristics
Fear gaining weight, distorted self-image, compulsive behaviors and rituals, excessive exercise
Health Risks of Anorexia Nervosa
amenorrhea
Intolerant of cold
Low blood pressure and heart rate
Depression and suicide
Medical complications
Disorders of the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, endocrine, and skeletal systems

14. Eating Disorders
Bulimia Nervosa - recurring episodes of binge eating followed by purging
Characteristics:
Rapid food consumption, followed by purging; feels ashamed afterwards, disgusted, physically and emotionally drained.
Health Risks:
Erodes tooth enamel
Cardiac arrhythmia
Esophageal tearing
Rupture of the stomach
Menstrual problems
Increased depression

15. Eating Disorders
Binge-Eating - Similar to Bulimia without purging behavior.
Characteristics
Eating patterns - very rapid, eating until uncomfortably full.
Often eat as a way of coping.
Likely to be obese.
High rates of depression and anxiety