1. Modulators - Inductive adder. Technical description.
Turn-on AND Turn-off Capability – hence PFN/PFL is NOT required: instead Capacitors are used to store energy;
Excellent scalability;
Output pulse can be modulated;
BUT: pulse length is limited by saturation of magnetic material….
n-layers
Output = n x voltage per layer
Turn on/off: MOSFETs or IGBTs
Magnetic coupling
𝐴 c
pulse capacitor
SC-switch
𝐼 sec
Stalk (secondary)
stacked layers
magnetic core
𝐼 prim
primary winding
insulation
parallel branches
PCB

2. Modulators - Inductive adder. Overview summary.
Goal
Thyratron/PFL replacement
Timescale to possible deployment
Medium term for CPS (~4+ years?)
Long term for FCC/CLIC
Gains w.r.t. present technology
Increased reliability and reduced maintenance – expected to have good fault tolerance
Modularity
Solid state switches (presently risk with single-source thyratron supplier)
Short delay (~200ns) for turn-off of magnet field (c.f. clipper and especially dump switches)
High precision possible
High stability
Possible deployment scope
CPS systems for short pulses (<3us pulse) – around 20 generators across 10 systems
Ongoing activity domains - projects and present resource levels
CLIC DR [1 PJAS, 0.1 STAFF]
FCC low impedance [~0.7 FELL, 0.1 STAFF]
KFA45 generator replacement [~0.3 FELL] – no budget at present
Present status and outlook
CLIC prototype tested at 6.3 kV, 1 µs, 125 A (voltage being increased).
FCC prototype under construction: Measurements in coming 12 (and 24 months)
Section Involvement
BTP X EC Xx
EDS XX
KSC
PPE
XXX SE

3. Modulators – Marx Generator. Technical description.
Marx generator concept: n capacitors charged in parallel by relatively low voltage power supply Udc, through diodes Dc and switches Tc.
Subsequently switches Tp connect all capacitors C in series with the load, applying approximately nUdc. For fast rectangular pulses MOSFET technology is required.
Load voltage: 3.2kV across 1.2Ω.
60ns rise, 30ns fall
Turn-on AND Turn-off Capability – hence PFN/PFL is NOT required: instead Capacitors are used to store energy;
Excellent scalability;
No magnetic material to limit pulse length (but droop of capacitor voltage);
Reliability (single point failure) needs careful investigation.

4. Modulators – Marx Generator. Overview summary.
Goal
Thyratron/PFL replacement
Timescale to possible deployment
Medium term for CPS (~4+ years?)
Long term for FCC/CLIC
Gains w.r.t. present technology
Increased reliability and reduced maintenance – fault tolerance to be studied
Modularity
Solid state switches (presently risk with single-source thyratron supplier)
Short delay (~200ns) for turn-off of magnet field (c.f. clipper and especially dump switches)
Possible deployment scope
CPS systems for short pulses (<3us pulse) – around 20 generators across 10 systems
Ongoing activity domains - projects and present resource levels
FCC/CLIC/KFA45 [<0.1 FELL, 0.1 STAFF] (Collaboration with ISEL & EPS)
Possible collaboration with ETHZ (best technology to be identified  not necessarily a Marx)
Present status and outlook
Measurements on “low” (~3kV) voltage, but nominal current, ongoing – CERN
Prototype with KFA45 specifications in design (but terminated load)
Section Involvement
BTP X EC
EDS
KSC
PPE XX SE