1. Chapter 8
Minerals
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2. Chapter 8
Lesson 8.1
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3. Key Concept
The human body requires a variety of minerals in different amounts to perform numerous metabolic tasks.
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4. The Nature of Body Minerals
Classes of body minerals
Major minerals
Trace elements
Functions of minerals
Mineral metabolism
Digestion
Absorption
Transport
What are the four fundamental elements that make up most living matter? (hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen)
Ask students to name a trace element or a major mineral. (Trace: Refer to Box 8-1 on page 126 of textbook. Major: calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, magnesium, chlorine, and sulfur.)
Unlike carbohydrates, proteins, and fat, minerals do not require a great deal of mechanical or chemical digestion before absorption.
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5. Chapter 8
Lesson 8.2
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6. Key Concepts
A mixed diet of varied foods and adequate energy value is the best source of the minerals necessary for health.
Of the total amount of minerals a person consumes, only a relatively limited amount is available to the body.
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7. Major Minerals Calcium Functions Requirements Deficiency states
Bone and tooth formation
Blood clotting
Muscle and nerve action
Metabolic reactions
Requirements
Deficiency states
Toxicity symptoms
Food sources
What does the absorption of dietary calcium depend on? (the food form, and the interaction of three hormones that directly control absorption, along with indirect metabolic stimuli from the estrogen hormones)
Where can most of the body’s calcium be found? (bones and teeth)
Name the major calcium-related clinical condition. (osteoporosis)
Have students discuss osteoporosis and its causes.
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8. Phosphorus Functions Requirements Deficiency states Toxicity symptoms
Bone and tooth formation
Energy metabolism
Acid-base balance
Requirements
Deficiency states
Toxicity symptoms
Food sources
What are the functions of phosphorus? (It partners with calcium in bone formation, functions in bone and tooth formation, energy metabolism, and acid-base balance.)
If a phosphorus deficiency does develop, what are the characteristics? (weakness, loss of appetite, fatigue, pain)
Which foods are the primary sources of phosphorus in the average diet? (milk and milk products, meat, fish, eggs)
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9. Sodium Functions Requirements Deficiency states Toxicity symptoms
Water balance
Acid-base balance
Muscle action
Nutrient absorption
Requirements
Deficiency states
Toxicity symptoms
Food sources
What is the main function of sodium? (body-water balance)
What are the other functions of sodium? (acid-base balance and muscle action)
Excess sodium can lead to what condition? (hypertension)
What is the main dietary source of sodium? (common table salt)
Ask each student to name another source of sodium. (milk, meat, eggs, carrots, beets, leafy greens, celery)
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10. Potassium Functions Requirements Deficiency states Toxicity symptoms
Water balance
Metabolic reactions
Muscle action
Insulin release
Blood pressure
Requirements
Deficiency states
Toxicity symptoms
Food sources
Potassium functions in water balance, metabolic reactions, muscle action, insulin release, and blood pressure.
When are potassium deficiencies more likely to occur? (during clinical situations such as prolonged vomiting or diarrhea, during use of diuretic drugs, during use of hypertension drugs, as a result of severe malnutrition, or surgery)
What is the result of extremely high potassium levels? (a fatal arrhythmia)
Have students name several sources of potassium.
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11. Chloride Functions Requirements Deficiency states Toxicity symptoms
Digestion
Respiration
Requirements
Deficiency states
Toxicity symptoms
Food sources
What are the two significant functions of chloride? (digestion and respiration)
What is the primary reason for chloride deficiency? (excessive fluid losses through vomiting, which leads to metabolic alkalosis)
What is the primary source of dietary chloride? (It is provided almost entirely by sodium chloride, which is the chemical name for ordinary table salt.)
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12. Magnesium Functions Requirements Deficiency states Toxicity symptoms
General metabolism
Protein synthesis
Muscle action
Basal metabolic rate
Requirements
Deficiency states
Toxicity symptoms
Food sources
Where in the body is magnesium found? (It is found in all body cells and has widespread metabolic functions.)
What are some of the deficiency symptoms? (muscle weakness and cramps, hypertension, and blood vessel constriction in the heart and brain)
Which individuals are at greater risk for developing magnesium toxicity? (individuals with renal insufficiency)
Which sources are relatively poor sources of magnesium? (most fruits, except bananas; milk; meat; and fish)
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13. Sulfur Functions Requirements Deficiency states Toxicity symptoms
Hair, skin, and nails
General metabolic functions
Vitamin structure
Collagen structure
Requirements
Deficiency states
Toxicity symptoms
Food sources
Sulfur is involved in the structure of hair, skin, and nails; helps transfer energy as needed in various tissues; is a part of several vitamins; and is important in building connective tissue.
A diet with adequate protein contains adequate sulfur.
Sulfur is widely available in meat, eggs, milk, cheese, legumes, and nuts.
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14. Chapter 8
Lesson 8.3
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15. Key Concepts
A mixed diet of varied foods and adequate energy value is the best source of the minerals necessary for health.
Of the total amount of minerals a person consumes, only a relatively limited amount is available to the body.
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16. Trace Elements Iron Functions Requirements Deficiency states
Hemoglobin synthesis
General metabolism
Requirements
Deficiency states
Toxicity symptoms
Food sources
How does iron function? (in the synthesis of hemoglobin and the body’s general metabolism)
70% of the body’s iron occurs where? (in red blood cells)
The major condition indicating a deficiency of iron is anemia.
Ask students to name one source of iron.
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17. Iodine Functions Requirements Deficiency states Toxicity symptoms
Goiter
Cretinism
Hypothyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
Toxicity symptoms
Food sources
What is iodine’s basic function in human nutrition? (It participates in the thyroid gland’s synthesis of the hormone thyroxine, which relates to the control of the body’s basal metabolic rate.)
Name four deficiency disorders. (hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, goiter, cretinism)
What is the major reliable source of iodine? (iodized table salt)
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18. Zinc Functions Requirements Deficiency states Toxicity symptoms
Enzyme constituent
Immune system
Other functions
Requirements
Deficiency states
Toxicity symptoms
Food sources
Zinc is especially important during what growth periods? (pregnancy, lactation, infancy, childhood, and adolescence)
Who reported the lowest zinc intake on the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey? (children age one to three, adolescent females, and persons over 71)
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19. Selenium Functions Requirements Deficiency states Toxicity symptoms
Food sources
Selenium functions with specific proteins as an essential part of an antioxidant enzyme, glutathione peroxidase, which protects cells and their lipid membranes from oxidative damage.
It also functions as a part of the protein center of teeth and participates in the regulation of thyroid hormone action and vitamin C activity.
A mild selenium deficiency can have what effect? (It may decrease a person’s ability of fight infection. Severe deficiency may put individuals at risk for certain types of cancer.)
What are good sources of selenium? (seafood, kidney, liver)
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20. Other Trace Elements Fluoride Copper Manganese Chromium Molybdenum
Other essential trace elements
Ask students to volunteer to explain to the class the functions and food sources for fluoride, copper, manganese, chromium, and molybdenum.
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21. Mineral Supplementation
Life cycle needs
Pregnancy and lactation
Adolescence
Adulthood
Clinical needs
Iron-deficiency anemia
Weight-loss programs
Zinc deficiency
Potassium-losing drugs
Special needs during growth periods and in clinical situations may require individual supplements of specific major minerals or trace elements.
Ask students to name five high-risk groups who may need to supplement their diet and explain why. (adolescent girls on poor diets, low-income adolescent boys, athletes, vegetarians, and elderly persons on poor diets)
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