1. Protein Synthesis
From genes to proteins

2. Once DNA is replicated, the cell now needs to make proteins
Once DNA is replicated, the cell now needs to make proteins. How does DNA’s message travel OUT of the nucleus and INTO THE CELL, where the message gets expressed as a protein??? This is known as…
Protein
Synthesis

3. About RNA… Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine
RNA = Ribose Nucleic Acid
Similar to DNA, but…
Smaller & single stranded
Sugar = “Ribose” NOT “Deoxyribose”
1 nitrogen base is different, Uracil; there is NO THYMINE in RNA
Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine
Do you remember the base paring rules???

4. DNA
RNA

5. DNA to RNA Practice DRAW ME 

6. DNA to RNA Practice DRAW ME 

7. Types of RNA used during Protein Synthesis
mRNA = Messenger RNA
rRNA = Ribosomal RNA
tRNA = Transfer RNA

8. What is “Protein Synthesis” ?
Protein synthesis is the process of making a protein from DNA.
There are 2 parts used during protein synthesis:
1. Transcription
2. Translation

9. Transcription The synthesis of mRNA from a DNA blueprint
A new strand is “written” from the DNA strand
Occurs in the NUCLEUS, then the mRNA travels OUT of the nucleus

11. Translation
The information in the mRNA is translated by a ribosome (made of rRNA) who “reads” it.
2. Transfer RNA (tRNA) enters the ribosome to drop off an amino acid
3. A chain of amino acids then exits the ribosome and folds into a protein

12. Protein Synthesis Animation
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Transcription and protein assembly

13. Protein Synthesis Animation
Transcription and protein assembly
Create a “T” chart
One side, write DNA, the other write RNA

14. Class review!

15. Summary of Protein Synthesis
DNA opens
Free floating bases connect to the exposed DNA bases making mRNA (Transcription)
mRNA travels OUT of the NUCLEUS and into the CYTOPLASM
Ribosome (rRNA) “reads” the mRNA and a tRNA drops off an amino acid
5. The amino acid chain exits the ribosome and folds up into a protein 

16. Draw me  Codon VS Anticodon
CODON: 3 nucleotides in mRNA. Each codon will code for a single amino acid
ANTICODON: 3 nucleotides in tRNA that pair to a codon
Draw me 

17. Codon VS Anticodon Video 

18. What are amino acids? Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins
A chain of amino acids are needed to create a protein

19. What happens to the chain?
Individual amino acids bind together
Folds up
Becomes a protein

20. What is a Protein? Proteins are made of 20 different amino acids
The sequence (pattern) of amino acids will vary between each protein
The sequence of an amino acid will tell its shape, how to fold and its function (job)

21. On your half sheet! Codon chart practice! 
DNA: A- T- T- G- C- A- G- A- T- G- C- A
mRNA:
rRNA:
tRNA:
Using the Codon Chart, find the amino acid of tRNA’s anticodon 
Amino Acid: ___________, ____________, __________ & ___________
On your half sheet!

22. The genetic code is used to determine the amino acid
All are amino acids