1. UNIT-IV - PRODUCT PRICING Methods of Pricing
MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS
UNIT-IV - PRODUCT PRICING
Methods of Pricing
Dr.V.Prabakaran, AP/MBA - Product Pricing

2. Dr.V.Prabakaran, AP/MBA - Product Pricing
Pricing Methods
Cost Oriented Pricing
Competition Oriented Pricing
Other Economic Consideration Based Pricing
Dr.V.Prabakaran, AP/MBA - Product Pricing

3. Pricing Methods Cost-Oriented Pricing
Cost-Plus (or Full cost) pricing
Marginal (or Incremental or Direct) cost pricing
Cost plus pricing involves adding a certain percentage to cost in order to fix the price.
For instance, if the cost of a product is Rs. 200 per unit and the Marketer expects 10 per cent profit on costs, then the selling price will be Rs. 220. 
Marginal-cost pricing aim to recover not only the cost of making the product, but enough extra to make one more of the same product.
Here the price of the product is equal to sum of variable cost + profit margin.
Dr.V.Prabakaran, AP/MBA - Product Pricing

4. Pricing Methods Cost-Oriented Pricing
Target (or Rate of Return ) pricing
Pricing method whereby the selling price of a product is calculated to produce a particular rate of return on investment for a specific volume of production.
The target pricing method is used most often by public utilities, like electric and gas companies, and companies whose capital investment is high, like automobile manufacturers.
Dr.V.Prabakaran, AP/MBA - Product Pricing

5. Competition Oriented Pricing
Going rate Pricing
Loss Leaders
Trade Association Pricing
Customary pricing
Price Leadership
Cyclical Pricing
Imitative Pricing and Suggested Pricing
Turnover
Dr.V.Prabakaran, AP/MBA - Product Pricing

6. Competition-Oriented Pricing 1.Going rate pricing
In this, the benchmark for setting prices is the price set by major competitors. If a major competitor changes its price, then the smaller firms may also change their price, irrespective of their costs or demand.
The going-rate pricing can be further divided into three sub-methods:
a. Competitors ‘parity method:
A firm may set the same price as that of the major competitor.
b. Premium pricing:
A firm may charge a little higher if its products have some additional special features as compared to major competitors.
c. Discount pricing:
A firm may charge a little lower price if its products lack certain features as compared to major competitors.
Dr.V.Prabakaran, AP/MBA - Product Pricing

7. Competition-Oriented Pricing 2.Loss leaders
A loss leader or leader is a product sold at a low price (i.e. at cost or below cost) to stimulate other profitable sales. This would help the companies to expand its market share as a whole.
Widely used in retailing business
Dr.V.Prabakaran, AP/MBA - Product Pricing

8. Competition-Oriented Pricing 3.Trade Association pricing
To avoid uncertainties of pricing decisions and the downward pressure on prices which competition exerts, firms frequently come to the express or implied agreements to maintain prices at a similar level.
There may be possibility that the price cut may spark off a price war between the firms
Dr.V.Prabakaran, AP/MBA - Product Pricing

9. Competition-Oriented Pricing 4.Customary Pricing
For some commodities the prices get fixed because they have prevailed over a long period of time.
Any change in costs for such products gets reflected in quality or quantity of the product rather than its price.
Dr.V.Prabakaran, AP/MBA - Product Pricing

10. Competition-Oriented Pricing 5.Price Leadership
It often happens that in an industry there is one or many big firms whose cost of production is low and they dominate the industry.
In that, the Dominant competitor among several, leads the way in determining prices, the others soon following.
Dr.V.Prabakaran, AP/MBA - Product Pricing

11. Competition-Oriented Pricing 6.Cyclical Pricing
When pricing by a firm is based on the assessment of general economic environment, it is known as cyclical pricing.
7.Imitative Pricing
Here the firms imitate the price set by other firms.
Dr.V.Prabakaran, AP/MBA - Product Pricing

12. Pricing Based on other economic considerations
1. Administered prices
Administered prices are those that are statutorily determined by the Government.
2.Dual pricing
A market where a commodity is covered simultaneously under the administered prices as well as market price is said to have dual prices.
Dr.V.Prabakaran, AP/MBA - Product Pricing

13. Dr.V.Prabakaran, AP/MBA - Product Pricing
Other Pricing Methods
3.Price Discrimination or Differential Pricing
Price discrimination is the practice of setting a different price for the same product in different segments of the market. For example, this can be for different classes, such as ages, or for different opening times.
4. Ramsay pricing
Frank Ramsay gave a model for taxation, which suggested that the Government should levy high tax on the goods which has low elasticity and low tax on goods that has high elasticity.
Dr.V.Prabakaran, AP/MBA - Product Pricing

14. Dr.V.Prabakaran, AP/MBA - Product Pricing
Other Pricing Methods
5.Transfer pricing
Transfer prices are the charges made when a company supplies goods, services or financials to its subsidiary or sister concern.
6. Peak load pricing
In Peak load pricing, different prices are charged for same facility used at different points of time by the same consumers.
Here, the time zone is divided into peak load and off-peak load pricing.
Consumers using the product at peak load may pay high price and consumers using the product at off peak period may pay low price for the facility.
Dr.V.Prabakaran, AP/MBA - Product Pricing

15. Dr.V.Prabakaran, AP/MBA - Product Pricing
Other Pricing Methods
7.Sealed bid pricing There is a separate market in which the buyer does not prefer an open market price but demands that the sellers provide their rates in sealed form, commonly known as tenders. This mode of pricing is called sealed bid pricing.
Dr.V.Prabakaran, AP/MBA - Product Pricing

16. Dr.V.Prabakaran, AP/MBA - Product Pricing
Other Pricing Methods
8.Everyday low pricing
(EDLP)In EDLP strategy, a low price is charged throughout the year and none or very few special discounts are given on special occasions.
9.High-low pricing
This method involves high prices on a regular basis, coupled with temporary discounts as promotional activity.
10.Value pricing
In Value pricing, sellers try to create a high value of the product and charge a low price.
Dr.V.Prabakaran, AP/MBA - Product Pricing

17. Dr.V.Prabakaran, AP/MBA - Product Pricing
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Dr.V.Prabakaran, AP/MBA - Product Pricing