1. Review of Chapters 1,2 & 3

2. System of Units and Notations
Metric System
Length: meters (m)
Time: seconds (s)
Mass: Kilograms (Kg)
Powers of 10
Kilo, Mega, Giga, Tera
Mili, Micro, Nano, Pico, Femto, Atto,…

3. Fundamental Properties of Light
Chapter 1
Fundamental Properties of Light

4. Why do we see things?

6. Properties of Light How does it travel? How fast does it travel?
What is it that travels?
Is it wave, particle, or just rays?

7. Light travels in a straight line

8. Light travels in a straight line
The intensity varies with the square of the distance

9. (example: comets tail is always facing away from the sun)
Light has momentum
(example: comets tail is always facing away from the sun)

10. Reflection

11. Refraction

12. Diffraction
silver lining

13. Light is a Wave What is a wave?! distance Harmonic wave:
wavelength
Frequency
(Hertz)
Velocity (300,000,000 meters/sec)
Wavelength (meters)

14. amplitude z
frequency or
wavelength z
phase z

15. Wavefront

16. Light has color!!
Color of the light depends on its wavelength …..

17. *Ripple Tank Waves
* Longitudinal and Transverse Waves -2
*Waves, ElectroMagnetic
*Oscillating Charge Field

18. Electromagnetic Spectrum

19. Visible Light Spectrum

20. Light sources (thermal)
*Color Temperature (Vase)
*Black Body

21. Fluorescent Lamp *Phosphorescence: E&M Radiation (Joblonski Diagram)

22. n Index of Refraction v= c/n Velocity of light in vacuum
Characterizes the response of a medium to light (electromagnetic field)
wavelength
Velocity of light in vacuum
Velocity of light in a medium=
Index of Refraction
v= c/n

23. Geometrical Optics (Chapter 2)
When objects are much larger than the wavelength
Light Rays (Ray Optics)

24. Shadows *Shadow-point source *Shadow: Extended Source
*Shadow: Extended Source

25. Solar Eclipse: Aug
Earth
Moon
SUN

27. The Lunar Eclipse

28. Pinhole Camera *Pinhole Camera

30. Depth of Image and more
2 pinholes

31. Reflection *Oscillating Charge Field

32. Law of Reflection N i r R I air glass or mirror
Reflected ray (R ) lies in the plane defined by incident ray (I) and surface normal (N)
R makes an angle r that is equal to incident angle I.
R lies on the opposite side of of N as incident ray I

34. Mirrors Why metals reflect light? Why do they appear certain color?
Why can we listen to radio stations far away? (plasma frequency)
Silvered and half-silvered mirrors
First-surface and second-surface mirrors
*Oscillating Charge Field

35. Reflectivity (how much is reflected?)
Grazing Incidence Reflection (glass windows, water surfaces, waxed floors, etc.)

36. Who sees me in the mirror?!
image
(field of view)
Simply apply law of reflection and trace the rays…

37. Sun Pillars and Sub Suns

38. Ice Crystals

39. Sub Sun

41. Sun Pillar

42. Multiple Reflections Example: Second Surface Mirrors

43. Corner Reflectors
Retroreflectors

44. Refraction Recall: velocity of light v= c/n

46. *Refraction 1
Fish Tank

47. Material Refractive Index (n) Air 1.0003
Examples
Material Refractive Index (n)
Air
Water
Glycerin
Immersion Oil
Glass 1.52
Flint
Zircon
Diamond
Silicon 4

48. Law of Refraction N i I Air (for example) n1 glass or water or … n2 R
The Refracted ray (R ) lies in the plane defined by Incidence ray (I) and surface Normal (N)
The Refracted ray (R ) lies on the opposite side of N as the incident ray I, and
The Refracted ray (R ) makes an angle r that satisfies the Snell’s law:
Angle of Incidence  Index of refraction in medium 1
almost equals to
Angle of Refraction  Index of refraction in medium 2
(for small angles)

49. Snell’s Law (exact) c a 
Sine of an angle

50. Now, consider this ….

51. Total Internal Reflection
*Total Internal Reflection (Optical Fiber)

52. Total Internal Reflection

53. Prisms as perfect reflectors:
See Fig in the Text

54. Brilliance (TIR), Fire (dispersion) and Flash
Diamond
Brilliance (TIR), Fire (dispersion) and Flash

55. Refraction in Nature
Mirages, Rainbows, Halos, Sun Dogs….

56. Mirages and Atmospheric Distortions
sunset
mirage

57. Mirage

58. Dispersion Refractive Index varies with Wavelength : n()
Dispersion in a prism
* Prism Refraction
refraction & refl.
dispersion

59. Rainbow

60. Rainbow *Rainbow http://www.phy.ntnu.edu.tw/java/Rainbow/rainbow.html
rain drop

62. Ice Crystals

63. Sun Dogs

66. Halos

68. 22 degree halo

69. 22 degree halo

70. Chapter 3 Mirrors and Lenses
Read , 3.2, 3.3 (A, B, C* , D), 3.4, 3.5**
* Anamorphic Art
** Aberrations

71. Flat mirror revisited
virtual
image
Read Text about the Kaleidoscope

72. (simply apply the law of reflection)
Spherical Mirrors
Where is the image?
What is the field of view?
Ray Tracing
(simply apply the law of reflection)

73. Reflection in Curved Mirrors
Convex and Concave
Mirrors

74. axis O C F center focal point
Paraxial Rays: Rays that are close to the axis

75. Ray Rules for a Convex Mirror
Ray Rule 1: All rays incident parallel to the axis are reflected so
that they appear to be coming form the the focal point, F.
Ray Rule 2: All rays that (when extended) pass through center C
are reflected back to themselves.
Ray Rule 3: All rays that (when extended) pass through F are
reflected back parallel to the axis.

76. C F O 1 C F O 3 C F O 2

77. Locating the Image Mirrors *Concave Mirrors
*Concave Lens: virtual image
*Convex Mirrors
spherical aberration

79. “Hand with Reflecting Globe”
M. C. Escher,
“Hand with Reflecting Globe”
Fig 3.9

80. Concave Mirror
axis O C F
center
focal point

81. Ray Rules for a Concave Mirror
Ray Rule 1: All rays incident parallel to the axis are reflected so
that they appear to be coming form the the focal point, F.
Ray Rule 2: All rays that (when extended) pass through center C
are reflected back to themselves.
Ray Rule 3: All rays that (when extended) pass through F are
reflected back parallel to the axis.

82. *Concave Mirrors

83. Spherical Lenses

84. Refraction at Curved Surfaces
axis O C
center n2 n1
Simply apply the laws of refraction

85. I R
axis O C
center n2 n1

86. Thin Spherical Lenses Converging Lens: focal length (f) is positive
The focal length f depends on curvatures (R1 and R2) and the index of refraction (n) of the material (glass).

87. Thin Spherical Lenses
Converging Lens: focal length (f) is negative

88. Examples of Converging and Diverging Lenses
* Lens Action (Many Applets)
principle rays

89. Ray Rules for Converging (and Diverging) Lenses
Ray Rule 1: All rays incident parallel to the axis are deflected
through F’ (or as if it came from F’)
Ray Rule 2: All rays passing through the center of the lens
Continue undeviated.
Ray Rule 3: All rays that (when extended, if necessary) pass
through F are deflected parallel to the axis.

90. Example: Ray Rules for a converging lens| F’ F | f
f= focal length F’ F |

91. Power of a Lens in diopters in meters * Lens Action (Many Applets)
principle rays

92. Spheres as Thick Lenses
Examples:
Water droplets (dew)
Glass beads ..

93. Dew Heiligenschein: The Holy Light !
Heiligenschein (German for halo) occurs when sunlight falls on nearly spherical dew drops and refracted back toward the sun in the same direction as it enters. It appears as bright white light around the shadow of your head on a dew-covered lawn.

94. Glass Beads as Retroreflectors
Scotchlite

95. Fresnel Lenses

96. Lens Aberrations Chromatic

97. Spherical Aberration

99. *Thick Lens (Spherical Aberration)

100. Curvature, Coma

101. Astigmatism

102. Distortion

103. Exam I: Tuesday Oct. 3 Covers Chapters 1,2,3
The test will consist of essay type questions and multiple choice and short answer questions.
You will be allowed a crib sheet (one standard size 8”x11.5” piece of paper with notes on both sides)
Solutions will be posted on a bulletin board on the underground part of the Regner hall and placed in the class folder that can be checked out at the circulation desk of the Centennial Library.
Bring a ruler, pen and/or pencil (No Calculators, No Text Books, No Notebooks)