1. COMPARISON-CONTRAST STRUCTURE WORDS

2. AS …. AS

3. AS … AS

4. NO / NOT ANY + COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVE

5. Progressive Comparison

6. Combined Comparison

7. Contrastive Comparison

8. Like and as: similes and metaphors

10. ATTENTION !!!

11. ATTENTION !!!

12. Choose the best answer

13. Choose the best answer

14. Choose the best answer

15. Choose the best answer

16. Choose the best answer

17. Choose the best answer

18. Choose the best answer

19. Comparative and Superlative Adjectives

20. Comparative and Superlative Adjectives

21. Comparative and Superlative Adjectives
If the object of the comparison is a pronoun without a verb, we usually use an object pronoun. If there is a verb, we use a subject pronoun.
I am taller than him.
I am taller than he is.

22. Comparative and Superlative Adjectives

23. Comparative and Superlative Adjectives

24. LESS AND LEAST

25. Some Special Rules

26. Some Special Rules

27. Some Special Rules

28. Irregular Adjectives

29. ATTENTION !!!

30. Intensifying and Weakening: Emphasis

31. ATTENTION !!!

32. CORRECT THE MISTAKES

33. Complete the Second Sentence so It has a similar meaning to the first.

34. Complete the Second Sentence so It has a similar meaning to the first.

36. SHOWING CONTRAST(unexpected result)
ADVERB CLAUSES
Even though
Alhough
Though
a. Even though it was cold, I went swimming.
b. Although it was cold, I went swimming.
c. Though it was cold, I went swimming.
CONJUNCTIONS
But ... anyway
But... still
Yet .... still
d. It was cold, but I went swimming anyway.
e. It was cold, but I still went swimming.
f. It was cold, yet I still went swimming.
TRANSITIONS
Nevertheless
Nonetheless
However ... still
g. It was cold. Nevertheless, I went swimming.
h. It was cold; nonetheless, I went swimming.
i. It was cold. However, I still went swimming.
PREPOSITIONS
Despite
In spite of
Despite the fact that
In spite of the fact that
j. I went swimming despite the cold weather.
k. I went swimming in spite of the cold weather.
l. I went swimming despite the fact that the weather was cold.
m. I went swimming in spite of the fact that the weather was cold.

37. SHOWING CONTRAST(unexpected result)
All these sentences have the same meaning. The idea of cold weather is contrasted with the idea of going swimming. Usually if the weather is cold, one does not go swimming, so going swimming in cold weather is an “unexpected result”. It is surprising that the speaker went swimming in cold weather.

38. Combine the ideas in the two sentences, using the given words.
We went for a walk. It was raining.
Even though ………………………
But…… anyway …………………
Nevertheless ………………………
In spite of ………………………
Because ……………………………

39. Combine the ideas in the two sentences, using the given words.
His grades were low. He was admitted to the university.
Although …………
Yet …… still ………
Nonetheless ……………
Despite ………………
Because of ………………

40. Complete the sentences with your own words and add commas where appropriate
I had a cold but I ………………… anyway.
Even though I had a cold I …………………
Although I did not study …………………
I did not study but ……………………
I got an “A” on the test even though ………
Even though Howard is a careful driver ……
Even though the food they served for dinner tasted terrible …………………
My shirt still has coffee stains on it even though ……………

41. Complete the sentences with your own words and add commas where appropriate
I still trust him even though ……………
Even though he was drowning no one ……………
Although I tried to be careful …………
Even though Ruth is one of my best friends ………
It is still hot in here even though ……
Even though I had a big breakfast…………

42. Showing Direct Contrast
ADVERB CLAUSES
While
Whereas
a. Mary is rich, while John is poor.
b. John is poor, while Mary is rich.
c. Mary is rich, whereas John is poor.
d. Whereas Mary is rich, John is poor.
CONJUNCTIONS
But
e. Mary is rich, but John is poor.
f. John is poor, but Mary is rich.
TRANSITIONS
However
On the other hand
g. Mary is rich; however, John is poor.
h. John is poor; Mary is rich, however.
i. Mary is rich. John, on the other hand, is poor.
j. John is poor. Mary, on the other hand, is rich.

43. Complete the sentences with your own words.
In the US, people drive on the right-hand side of the road. However, people in ……
While my apartment always seems to be a mess, my …………
Marge keeps to herself and has few friends. Carol, on the other hand, ……
People who grew up on farms are accustomed to dealing with various kinds of animals. However, city people like myself ……
Teak is a hard wood that is difficult to cut. Balsa, on the other hand, ………
My oldest son is shy, while my youngest son ………

44. ADJECTIVES ENDING IN –ED AND -ING
Many adjectives end in -ing and -ed, for example: boring and bored.
Study this example situation:
Jane has been doing the same job for a very long time. Every day she does exactly the same thing again and again. She doesn't enjoy her job any more and would like to do something different.
Jane's job is boring.
Jane is bored (with her job).

45. ADJECTIVES ENDING IN –ED AND -ING
Somebody is bored if something (or somebody else) is boring. Or, if something is boring, it makes you bored. So:
Jane is bored because her job is boring.
Jane's job is boring, so Jane is bored. (not Jane is boring)
If a person is boring, this means that they make other people bored:
George always talks about the same things. He's really boring.

46. Compare adjectives ending in -ing and -ed:
My job is:
boring.
interesting.
tiring.
satisfying.
depressing. (etc.)
In these examples, the - ing adjective tells you about the job.
I'm bored with my job.
I'm not interested in my job any more.
I get very tired doing my job.
I'm not satisfied with my job.
My job makes me depressed. (etc.)
In these examples, the -ed adjective tells you how somebody feels (about the job).

47. Compare these examples:
interesting
Julia thinks politics is interesting.
Did you meet anyone interesting at the party?
surprising
lt was surprising that he passed the exam.
disappointing
The movie was disappointing. We expected it to be much better.
shocking
The news was shocking.
interested
Julia is interested in politics.
(not interesting in politics)
Are you interested in buying a car?
I'm trying to sell mine.
surprised
Everybody was surprised that he passed the exam.
disappointed
We were disappointed with the movie. We expected it to be much better.
shocked
I was shocked when I heard the news.

48. Complete the sentences for each situation
Complete the sentences for each situation. Use the word in brackets+ -ing or -ed.
1. Donna teaches young children. lt's a very hard job, but she en joys it. (exhaust . .. )
She enjoys her job, but it's often
At the end of a day's work, she is often …….
2. lt's been raining all day. I hate this weather. (depress ... )
This weather is
This weather makes me
lt's silly to get ……………… because of the weather.

49. Complete the sentences for each situation
Complete the sentences for each situation. Use the word in brackets+ -ing or -ed.
3. Clare is going to Mexico next month. She has never been there before. (excit ... )
lt will be an experience for her.
Going to new places is always
She is really about going to Mexico.

50. INDIRECT QUESTIONS
If we do not begin a question directly, but begin it with something like: Can you tell me…? Do you know…? I wonder if…? The word order is the same as in an affirmative statement.
Direct question: What is he doing? Indirect question: Do you know what he is doing?
Direct question: Where have they been? Indirect question: I wonder where they have been?

51. INDIRECT QUESTIONS
If the direct question contains the auxiliary DO, we omit it in the indirect question.
Direct question: What do you want? Indirect question: Can you tell me what you want?
Direct question: When did she leave? Indirect question: Do you know when she left?

52. INDIRECT QUESTIONS
In yes/no questions, if or whether is used. The word order is the same as in reported questions (subject comes before the verb)
Direct question: Have you seen my dog?
Indirect question: Could you tell me if you have seen my dog?

53. Examples: I don't know where Bob is. Could you tell me where Bob is?
I'm not sure where Bob lives.
Do you have any idea where Bob lives?
I can't remember where Bob's house is.
Can you remember where Bob's house is?
I wonder where Bob has gone.
Has anyone told you where Bob has gone?
Nobody knew where Bob was (is).
Didn't anybody knew where Bob was (is)?
I couldn't find out how long Bob had been away.
Did anyone recall how long Bob had been away?