1. Chapter 1
Preliminaries

2. Chapter 1 Topics
Reasons for Studying Concepts of Programming Languages
Programming Domains
Language Evaluation Criteria
Influences on Language Design
Language Categories
Language Design Trade-Offs
Implementation Methods
Programming Environments

3. Reasons for Studying Concepts of Programming Languages
Increased ability to express ideas
Improved background for choosing appropriate languages
Increased ability to learn new languages
Better understanding of significance of implementation
Better use of languages that are already known
Overall advancement of computing

4. Programming Domains Scientific applications Business applications
Artificial intelligence
Systems programming
Web Software

5. Language Evaluation Criteria

6. Evaluation Criteria: Readability
Overall Simplicity
Orthogonality
Data Types
Syntax Design

7. Evaluation Criteria: Writability
Simplicity and orthogonality
Support for abstraction
Expressivity

8. Evaluation Criteria: Reliability
Type checking
Exception handling
Aliasing
Readability and writability

9. Evaluation Criteria: Cost
Training programmers to use language
Writing programs
Compiling programs
Executing programs
Language implementation system
Reliability
Maintaining programs

10. Evaluation Criteria: Others
Portability
Generality
Well-definedness

11. Influences on Language Design
Computer Architecture
Programming Methodologies

12. Computer Architecture Influence
Well-known computer architecture
Von Neumann
Imperative languages
most dominant
because of von Neumann computers

13. Execution of Machine Code
Fetch-execute cycle
on a von Neumann architecture computer
initialize the program counter
repeat forever
fetch the instruction pointed by the counter
increment the counter
decode the instruction
execute the instruction
end repeat

14. Programming Methodologies Influences
1950s and early 1960s
machine efficiency
Late 1960s
people efficiency
Late 1970s
process-oriented to data-oriented
Middle 1980s
object-oriented programming

15. Language Categories Imperative C, Pascal Functional LISP, Scheme
Declarative Prolog
Object-oriented Java, C++
Markup XHTML, XML

16. Language Design Trade-Offs
Reliability vs. cost of execution
Readability vs. writability
Writability (flexibility) vs. reliability

17. Implementation Methods
Compilation
Pure Interpretation
Hybrid Implementation Systems

18. Compilation Translate source language into machine language
Compilation process has several phases
lexical analysis
syntax analysis
semantics analysis
code generation
Additional Compilation Terminologies
Load module
Linking and loading

19. Pure Interpretation No translation Easier implementation
Slower execution
Often requires more space

20. Hybrid Implementation Systems
A compromise between compilers and pure interpreters
An intermediate language is used
Faster than pure interpretation

21. Other Implementation Methodolgies
Preprocessors
Just-in-Time Implementation Systems

22. Programming Environments
The collection of tools used in software development
Examples:
UNIX
Borland JBuilder
Microsoft Visual Studio.NET

23. Summary The study of programming languages is valuable
Important criteria for evaluating programming languages
Major influences on language design
Major methods of implementing programming languages