1. Cell Energy - Molecules
Chapter 8

2. What you need to know!
How the process of chemiosmosis utilizes the electrons from NADH and FADH2 to produce ATP
How linear electron flow in the light reactions results in the formation of ATP, NADPH, and O2
How chemiosmosis generates ATP in the light reactions

3. Energy Transfer Molecules
ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate
Molecule that delivers immediately available energy to run cellular processes (active transport, movement, mitosis, production of proteins etc.)
All other food/energy molecules (various lipids, carbs, proteins) are converted into ATP through enzyme machinery in cells/liver
All energy consuming processes have an ATPase (enzyme) attached

4. Energy Transfer Molecules
ATP is a nucleic acid, a single nucleotide
3 phosphates Ribose Adenine

5. Energy Transfer Molecules
ATP has energy stored between its three negatively charged phosphates because like charges repel each other
Most energy is stored between 2nd and 3rd phosphate
3 different forms of energy levels:
AMP: monophosphate
ADP: diphosphate
ATP: triphosphate

6. Forming ATP for Energy Supply
Rx: ADP + P + energy  ATP
Enzyme: ATP synthase
Energy necessary comes from photosynthesis or catalysis of high energy molecules (respiration)

7. Breaking Down ATP for Energy Release
Rx: ATP  ADP + P + energy
Enzyme: ATPase often attached as a coenzyme to various other enzymes/proteins

8. ATP Resembles a Rechargeable Battery
Endlessly recyclable
Limited numbers of ATP/ADP can stop energy pathways
Largest amount of ATP is made in mitochondria/chloroplasts some in cytoplasm (glycolysis)
All energy molecules can be expressed in ATP (glucose: 38 ATP, sucrose: 75 ATP, triglyceride: 180 ATP; assuming O2 is present)

9. Energy Availability Molecule availability storage ATP immediately none
glucose
1-2 min
Blood glucose only
glycogen
2-3 min
Liver, muscles
triglycerides
8-10 min
Adipose tissue

10. NADP/NAD/FAD Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADP)
Functions as electron acceptor/donor/during photosynthesis and respiration
A nucleic acid: dinucleotide
Rx: Store Energy
NADP + e- + H+  NADPH
Rx: Release Energy
NADPH  NADP + e- + H+

11. Redox Reactions
Definition: transfer of electrons e- during a chemical Rx
Photosynthesis, Respiration and Fermentation are all Redox Rx, meaning one reactant is reduced and one reactant is oxidized

12. Redox Reactions
Oxidation: Gain oxygen and lose e- (add O or lose H) = releases chemically stored energy
Reduction: Lose oxygen and gain e- (lose O or add H) converts energy into chemically bound energy
Catabolic (respiration): energy rich compounds are oxidized (energy releasing reaction)
Anabolic (photosynthesis): energy poor compounds are reduced (energy storing reaction)

13. Redox Reactions
OIL (Oxidation is losing e-) RIG (Reduction is gaining e-)

14. Redox Reactions Example: Extracting Iron from Iron Ore
Fe2O3 + 3(CO)  2Fe + 3(CO2) + energy
Which reactant is oxidized? ___________
Which reactant is reduced? ___________

15. Label Oxidation and Reduction
Photosynthesis:
Light
n(CO2) + n(H2O)  n(C3H6O3) + nO2
Cellular Respiration:
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6 CO2 + 6 H2O