1. Preview p.8
What reinforcers are at work in your life? i.e. What rewards increase the likelihood that you will continue with desirable behavior..
At home?
In school?
With friends?
If possible, identify schedules of reinforcement

2. Learning pp
Notebook p. 9

3. Objective 10: What are the two major differences between classical and operant conditioning?
Operant conditioning: the type of learning that occurs when a behavior is strengthened if followed by a reward and diminished if followed by punishment

4. Objective 10: What are the two major differences between classical and operant conditioning?
Associations between stimuli
Respondent behavior- behavior in response to stimulus
Learning associations between uncontrolled events
Stimulus  Response
Operant
Associations with consequences
Operant behavior- behavior produces stimulus (reward/punishment)
Learning associations between behavior and resulting events
Response  Stimulus

5. Objective 11: What is Thorndike’s Law of Effect?
Law of Effect: behaviors that result in rewards are strengthened, while behaviors that did not result in rewards are weakened

6. Thorndike’s Law of Effect

7. Objective 11: How does the law of effect explain Skinner’s research?
Operant Chamber (Skinner box): recorded responses of animals seeking reward in the form of food.
Behavior of pressing a lever was reinforced, or strengthened, by an impending reward

8. Do Now
Find your new seat
Open Notebook to P.9

9. Objective 12: What is shaping?
Shaping (via successive approximations): creating a new behavior based on a sequence of rewarding behaviors that come closer and closer to the ultimate behavioral goal
Ex. Boys in the hallway

10. Objective 12: How can shaping explain what animals and babies can discriminate?
If we can shape them to respond to one stimulus and not another, then they can perceive the difference
Name an example, besides those listed in the text, of unintentionally shaped behavior?

11. Objective 13: What is a reinforcer?
Reinforcer: a stimulus (event) that, when made contingent on behavior, increases the strength of the exhibited behavior
Reinforcers vary with circumstances
Any consequence that strengthens behavior whether it be positive or negative

12. Objective 13: What is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement?
Positive Reinforcement
Strengthens a response by adding a desirable stimulus
Food for hungry animals
Attention, approval, and money are positive reinforcement for most people
Grades for students
Negative Reinforcement
Strengthens a response by removing an aversive (undesirable) stimulus
Aspirin for a headache
Studying to reduce anxiety
Taking an addictive substance to avoid withdrawal

13. Objective 13: What are some examples of primary reinforcers, conditioned reinforcers, immediate reinforcers, and delayed reinforcers?
Primary reinforcer: any reinforcing stimuli that satisies a biological need (food, water, sex, warmth, etc.)
Secondary (conditioned) reinforcer: any previously neutral stimulus that has gained reinforcement value after being associated with another reinforcer (money, grades, etc.)

14. Objective 14: What are the strengths and weaknesses of continuous and partial reinforcement?
Continuous Reinforcement: response is reinforced every time it occurs
Strength: learning occurs rapidly
Weakness: extinction occurs rapidly
Partial (intermittent) Reinforcement: responses are sometimes reinforced, sometimes not
Strength: greater resistance to extinction
Weakness: initial learning is slower

15. Objective 14: What are the four schedules of reinforcment?
Ratio
Interval
Fixed
Reinforcement is provided after a set number of the correct responses are performed.
Ex. Gum ball machines
Reinforcement is provided for the first desired response after a set amount of time has elapsed.
Ex. Pay check
Variable
Reinforcement is provided after a varying number of correct behaviors.
Ex. Slot machines
Reinforcement is provided after the first desired response after varying amount of time has elapsed.
Ex. Checking for Facebook notifications

16. Objective 15: What is punishment?
Punishment: any event that decreases the behavior that if follows

17. (diminishes behavior) (strengthens behavior)
Objective 15: What are the differences between positive/negative punishment/reinforcement?
Punishment
(diminishes behavior)
Reinforcement
(strengthens behavior)
Positive
(+)
Adding an aversive (undesirable) stimulus in order to decrease behavior.
Ex. Detention for talking in class
Adding a desirable stimulus in order to increase behavior.
Ex. You get $20 for every “A” you get on your report card
Negative
(-)
Taking away a desirable stimulus in order to decrease behavior.
Ex. Parents take away car privilege if you stay our past curfew.
Taking away an aversive (undesirable) stimulus in order to increase behavior.
Ex. Every time you get a headache, you take an aspirin

18. Objective 15: What are some of the drawbacks of punishment as a behavior-control technique?
Spanked children are at increased risk for aggression, depression, and low self-esteem
Physical punishment may increase aggressiveness by demonstrating that aggression is a way to cope with problems
Fear may be associated with undesirable behavior, person administering punishment, or situation it occurs
Punishment only tells you what not to do
Learn how to avoid punishment

19. Operant Conditioning Activity

20. Operant Conditioning Activity
How do individuals in the real world employ operant conditioning?
How could/should instructors and students use operant conditioning in the classroom?
Have you trained your pets?
Have your parents trained you?
Have you, in return, trained your parents?

21. Operant Conditioning Activity
Have you trained your pets?
Have your parents trained you?
Have you, in return, trained your parents?

22. Objective 16: How does latent learning demonstrate that cognitive processing is an important part of learning?
Latent learning: learning that becomes apparent only when there is an incentive to demonstrate it.
Ex. Making your own lunch if Mom or Dad is feeling sick

23. Objective 16: How does the effect of external rewards demonstrate cognitive processing?
Unnecessary rewards carry hidden costs.
External rewards can undermine intrinsic motivation- the desire to perform a behavior for its own sake
Ex. learning for the sake of having an education
Extrinsic motivation: the desire to behave in certain ways to receive external rewards or avoid punishment

24. Objective 17: How do biological predispositions limit what can be achieved through operant conditioning?
Reinforcement works with natural behaviors
Learn associations that are naturally adaptive
“instinctive drift”

25. Process p.8
List three examples of operant conditioning that you have experienced in your own life. If possible, identify whether it was:
Positive or negative
Reinforcement or punishment
Identify the schedules of each example if possible
Which operant conditioning technique do you find most effective? Why?