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3.2 Organ Systems in Animals
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Cells Working Together
Single-celled organisms such as bacteria and yeast can live on their own since they do not depend on any other cells. A single skin or muscle cell, however, would quickly die if it is separated from the larger group of cells as they work as a network of specialized cells.
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Level of Organization Hierarchy- levels of organization of increasing or decreasing complexity.
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Building up Levels 1. Cells 2. Tissue – group of cells with the same structure and function Ex: muscle, bone, blood, skin, nerve 3. Organ – group of two or more types of tissue that perform a specific task. Ex: stomach, heart 4. Organ system – group of organs that work together for a vital body function Ex: Nervous system 5. Organism – a living thing. Ex humans
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Organ Systems Anatomy – The structure of living things Physiology- The function of living things
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Tissue – A group of cells that work. together to perform a
Tissue – A group of cells that work together to perform a specific task. Organ – A structure composed of different tissues specialized to carry out a specific function. (i.e. stomach, heart, kidneys) Organ System- A group of organs that have a related function.
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ORGAN SYTEMS
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ORGAN SYTEMS (continued)
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Organs Breaking down food occurs with tissues acting together.
Stomach tissues include: Muscle cells Nerve cells Blood cells Outer/inner lining Cells that excrete enzymes Acid and mucus
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Animal Tissues 4 major types: Epithelial Tissues Connective Tissues
Nerve Tissues Muscle Tissues Provide: covering, connections and support Sensing and responding
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Epithelial tissue Sheets of tightly packed cells used for lining or protection of body’s internal organs and cavities Examples: Skin (made of several layers) –greater protection Lung air sacs (made of one layer) –less protection
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Connective Tissue Connective Tissues- made up of both specialized cells and non-living materials that supports, protects and connect the body’s organs. Different types of cells held together by a liquid or solid matrix Examples: bone ligament cartilage tendons
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A torn ACL (ligament holding the knee joint together)
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Nerve Tissue Nerve Tissues- very complex long, thin cells that can conduct electrical impulses. Examples: Nerve Brain Spinal cord The signals between the body and the brain happen very fast.
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3 Kinds of Nerve Cells Sensory Neurons – 2. Motor Neurons –
carries information from the body to the brain or spinal cord (info about the outside world) 2. Motor Neurons – carries instructions from the brain or spinal cord to another part of the body, usually muscles. 3. Interneurons- connects the sensory and motor neurons (brain and spinal cord are made of these)
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If your hand gets close to a hot surface, you pull your hand away
If your hand gets close to a hot surface, you pull your hand away. This is because your body can feel since your skin contains millions of nerve cells.
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Muscle Tissue Muscle tissues- bundles of long specialized tissues cells that can shorten or contract. Allows movement and enables organs to function 3 types of muscle tissues: Striated (voluntary) Smooth (involuntary) -lines the walls of organs, veins, arteries Cardiac (involuntary) – lines the walls of the heart
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