1. Aggression and Rejection

2. Types of aggression Physical vs. verbal
Relational (includes ostracism)
Direct and indirect
Displaced and Triggered displaced
Active vs. passive
Reactive vs. proactive
Antisocial behavior vs. aggression vs. violence

3. Operational definitions
Aggression questionnaire (Buss & Perry, 1972)
Conflict Tactics Scales (Straus et al., 1996)
Olweus Bullying and Victimization Questionnaire (Olweus, 1996)
Peer nominations
Experimental manipulations
What is the best way to measure aggression?

4. Theories/Models Cause Type of aggression “Cure”
Other questions/comments from book chapter?

5. Evolutionary perspective
Aggression evolved
so that men can establish dominance over other men and get higher status
to protect their mates from other men
Testosterone effects
Chimpanzees vs. bonobos

6. Cultural influences Culture Time
Herding cultures (Southern Culture of Honor, Nisbett, Cohen)
Gender

7. Motivational perspectives
Physiological arousal theories (excitation transfer; Zillman, 1979)
Frustration-aggression hypothesis (Dollard et al., 1939; Berkowitz, 1989)
Cognitive-neoassociation model (Berkowitz, 1993)
Frustration leads to aggression if
Have anger
Important goal
Blocked more times
Blocked to a greater extent

8. Social learning perspective (Bandura)
We learn aggression from watching others, especially if there are no negative consequences for it.
Bobo doll study
Mirror neurons
Social norms

9. Cognitive perspective
Scripts (Huesmann, 1982)
Hostile attributional bias (Dodge, 1982)
Social information processing model (Crick & Dodge, 1994)
Encode (notice)
Interpret situation
Decide on goal
Think of possible responses
Evaluate possible responses
Enactment (do it)

10. Cognitive perspective
Social interactionist approach (Tedeschi & Felson, 1994)
General aggression model (Anderson & Bushman, 2002)
Person inputs
Situation inputs
Internal states

11. General aggression model (Anderson; Figure 8.2)

12. Violent video game effects
What does the APA report suggest?
On what areas are there still not much data?
Are there alternative explanations for these effects?

13. Hilgard et al response
What are their critiques of the Anderson et al., 2010 meta-analysis?
Is this an issue with other things we “know”?
What did they do differently with the data?
What is the small study problem?
What did they find?
What do they suggest for the field?

14. Results of Meta-Analyses for All Outcomes
Calvert, S. L., Appelbaum, M., Dodge, K. A., Graham, S., Nagayama Hall, G. C., Hamby, S., Hedges, L. V. (2017). The American Psychological Association Task Force assessment of violent video games: Science in the service of public interest. American Psychologist, 72(2),
© 2017 American Psychological Association

15. Response (Kepes et al., 2017) What is their response?
How do they support it?
What other possible moderators may help explain the heterogeneity?

16. Moral disengagement theory (Bandura, 1999)
What perspective is it most closely related to?
How could it explain the effects of videogame violence on self-control, cheating, and aggression?
Moral disengagement scale
Why would some people be more affected than others?
What do these results suggest we should do about violent video games?

17. Comparison of the Effect of Violent Media on Aggression With Effects From Other Domains
Note. All correlations are significantly different from zero. a = the effect of smoking tobacco on lung cancer, as estimated by pooling the data from Figures 1 and 3 in Wynder and Graham's (1950) classic article. The remaining effects were estimated from meta-analyses: b = Paik and Comstock (1994), c = Weller (1993), d = Wells (1998), e = Needleman and Gatsonis (1990), f = Fiore, Smith, Jorenby, and Baker (1994), g = Welten, Kemper, Post, and van Staveren (1995), h = Cooper (1989), i = Smith, Handley, and Wood (1990), and j = Hill, White, Jolley, and Mapperson (1988).
Bushman, B. J., & Anderson, C. A. (2001). Media violence and the American public: Scientific facts versus media misinformation. American Psychologist, 56(6-7),
© 2001 American Psychological Association

18. Cumulative Meta-Analysis of Scientific Studies on Media-Related Aggression
Note. A positive correlation indicates that media violence was positively related to aggression. Capped vertical bars denote 99.9% confidence intervals.
Bushman, B. J., & Anderson, C. A. (2001). Media violence and the American public: Scientific facts versus media misinformation. American Psychologist, 56(6-7),
© 2001 American Psychological Association

19. Cumulative Meta-Analysis of Experimental and Nonexperimental Studies on Media-Related Aggression
Note. A positive correlation indicates that media violence was positively related to aggression. Capped vertical bars denote 99.9% confidence intervals.
Bushman, B. J., & Anderson, C. A. (2001). Media violence and the American public: Scientific facts versus media misinformation. American Psychologist, 56(6-7),
© 2001 American Psychological Association

20. Effect of Media Violence on Aggression: News Reports Versus Scientific Studies
Note. Ratings based on news reports are positive if the article said that exposure to media violence is positively related to aggression. Correlations based on scientific studies are positive if media violence was positively related to aggression.
Bushman, B. J., & Anderson, C. A. (2001). Media violence and the American public: Scientific facts versus media misinformation. American Psychologist, 56(6-7),
© 2001 American Psychological Association

21. Media effects on aggression
How does the media cover violent media?
Does this occur in other areas of science?
What can scientists do to reduce/address this problem?
Why do people think there is less of a link than there is?
What are our obligations as scientists to the public?

22. What about guns/mass shootings?
More guns per capita, different attitude about guns. Not mental health, violence otherwise

23. Person factors in aggression
Trait aggression
Unstable self-esteem (“hollow”; Baumeister)

24. Situational effects on aggression
Provocation
Weapons effect (Berkowitz)
Alcohol and primes
Heat, noise, crowding, air pollution
Media violence/video games
Bad moods
Pain
Revenge
Testosterone
Serotonin
Marijuana
Crowds/Anonymity

25. Reducing aggression What doesn’t work? Why? What does work? Why?
What should we do as parents? Individuals? Society?

26. Rejection How has rejection been studied? Are these equivalent?
Sociometer approach (Leary)
Temporal need-threat model (Williams)
What needs does rejection affect?
What are the consequences of rejection?
Why are people rejected?
What purpose could rejection serve?

27. Smart Richman & Leary, 2009
First feel bad and have lowered self-esteem
Then react based on how you think about the situation:
Perception of fairness
Pervasiveness
High value of relationship
Expectations of relationship repair
Possibility of alternative relationships
High perceived cost of rejection
Then 1 of 3 reactions:
Make friends
Hurt the one who hurt you
Avoid further rejection

28. Multimotive model of reactions to interpersonal rejection experiences.
Smart Richman, L., & Leary, M. R. (2009). Reactions to discrimination, stigmatization, ostracism, and other forms of interpersonal rejection: A multimotive model. Psychological Review, 116(2), doi: /a
© 2009 American Psychological Association

29. Responsive theory of social exclusion (Freedman, Wms, Beer, 2016)
What does it add to previous approaches?
What are the source’s needs in rejection?
What types of social exclusion does it describe? Examples?
Is explicit rejection best?
What are possible moderators?
What makes for a nicer explicit rejection?
How may culture affect this?

30. Coming up Terrorism and extremism (8 articles, no chapters)
Nov 13 if you want feedback on paper
Final exam and questions
Paper rubric