1. Loads CIV 111 - THEORY OF STRUCTURES (1) - A
Giza Higher Institute for Eng. & Tech. - Dr. M Abdel-Kader
Loads
In general, there are many types of loading in civil engineering, for example;
Dead and live loads
Density (ton/m3)
wood
الخشب
water 1
الماء
concrete
الخرسانة
glass
2.5
الزجاج
aluminum
2.7
الالمنيوم
iron
7.85
الحديد
copper
8.93
النحاس
silver
10.5
الفضة
lead
11.3
الرصاص
mercury
13.6
الزئبق
uranium
18.9
اليورانيوم
gold
19.3
الذهب
platinum
21.4
البلاتين
- Dead Loads (permanent loads):
consist mainly of the own weight of
the structure.
- Live Loads:
vary in position such as the weight
of people, furniture, equipments.

2. Loads CIV 111 - THEORY OF STRUCTURES (1) - A
Giza Higher Institute for Eng. & Tech. - Dr. M Abdel-Kader
Loads
Static and dynamic loads
External and internal loads

3. Loads CIV 111 - THEORY OF STRUCTURES (1) - A
Giza Higher Institute for Eng. & Tech. - Dr. M Abdel-Kader
Loads
Wind loads and earthquake loads
Residual and thermal stresses
Other loads
Factor of Safety
All codes for concrete and steel structures use a factor of safety to
calculate design loads from the above loads.

4. Loads Force CIV 111 - THEORY OF STRUCTURES (1) - A
Giza Higher Institute for Eng. & Tech. - Dr. M Abdel-Kader
Loads
Force
It is a vector quantity (indicates magnitude and direction).
Force is completely defined by the following:
Magnitude kN = 1000 N ≈ 100 kg force = 0.1 ton force
Line of action
Point of application
Sense

5. Loads Point load (Concentrated load)
CIV THEORY OF STRUCTURES (1) - A
Giza Higher Institute for Eng. & Tech. - Dr. M Abdel-Kader
Loads
Point load (Concentrated load)
It is a force that acts at a single point on a structure.
In reality this point load may be distributed on a short distance.
Distributed load on a short distance replaced with concentrated load
Resolution of inclined load to two components

6. Loads Uniform load (Uniformly distributed load)
CIV THEORY OF STRUCTURES (1) - A
Giza Higher Institute for Eng. & Tech. - Dr. M Abdel-Kader
Loads
Uniform load (Uniformly distributed load)
It is regularly distributed along a length such as the weight of the beam or a wall built on top of a beam.
It is represented by a series of arrows.
It is replaced with an equivalent point load.

7. Loads Non-uniformly distributed load
CIV THEORY OF STRUCTURES (1) - A
Giza Higher Institute for Eng. & Tech. - Dr. M Abdel-Kader
Loads
Non-uniformly distributed load
It may gradually increase or decrease such as triangle or trapezoid load

8. Loads Non-uniformly distributed load
CIV THEORY OF STRUCTURES (1) - A
Giza Higher Institute for Eng. & Tech. - Dr. M Abdel-Kader
Loads
Non-uniformly distributed load

9. Loads Moments CIV 111 - THEORY OF STRUCTURES (1) - A
Giza Higher Institute for Eng. & Tech. - Dr. M Abdel-Kader
Loads
Moments
Moment of a force is a measure of its tendency to cause a body to rotate about a specific point or axis. This is different from the tendency for a body to move or translate in the direction of the force.
Moment = Force × Moment arm
M = F × d
Moment is expressed in units of Newton.Meter (N.m), or kiloNewton.Meter (kN.m). Moment also has a sense

10. Loads Moments CIV 111 - THEORY OF STRUCTURES (1) - A
Giza Higher Institute for Eng. & Tech. - Dr. M Abdel-Kader
Loads
Moments
MA = F d
=(10 cos 30)x(3)
= 30 cos 30
= kN.m 
MA = F d
=(10)x(3cos 30)
= 30 cos 30
= kN.m 
Moments cause rotation only, without any translation.
Moment can be converted to a couple and vice versa.

11. Thank You CIV 111 - THEORY OF STRUCTURES (1) - A
Giza Higher Institute for Eng. & Tech. - Dr. M Abdel-Kader
Thank You
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