1. Lecture 3 UNDERSTANDING PEACE AND SECURITY IN AFRICA A. Introduction
A. Introduction
1. Why Africa
2.problems too many and diverse
a) Genocide
b) Economic underdevelopment- debt, infrastructure, food, health, etc

2. Lecture 3.1
c) Political underdevelopment- coups, human rights abuse,..
d) Social and moral decadence- corruption, nepotism, religious intorelence…

3. Lecture 3.2
The most useful peace and security perspective in Africa that are at the core and can be justified and defended relates to:
1. Physical security
2. Material prosperity
3. Satisfaction of basic human needs of importance to human existence
4. Emotional well-being
5. Psychic harmony

4. Lecture 3.4
This is justifiable and defendable because it is human oriented and is envisaged to enable men and women in the world to develop potentialities.
Consequently to see themselves as full and autonomous human beings.

5. Lecture 3.5
Peace and security must be regarded as universal issue as people who wage war can claim that they are maintaining peace.

6. Lecture 3.6
This often leads to controversy and often questions are raised:
1. What kind of peace and security exists with attack of Afghanistan, Iraq invasion,..
2. What kind of security with apartheid South Africa sponsoring forces in Zimbabwe, Mozambique

7. Lecture 3.7
Whose peace were Zimbabwe and other SADC Defence Pact members defending in DRC 1998, Mozambique in 1980, and South Africa in Lesotho
Different views may emerge:
1. South Africa was defending its model of existence that brought peace and stability to its regime and southern Africa as a whole.

8. Lecture 3.8
Apartheid was supposed to be maintained it blacks in southern Africa were to remain surbodinated in all walks of life. Supremacy of the white race over blacks
H. It should be envisaged that peace and security means different things to different people at different times

9. Lecture 3.9
Fundamental issues to be envisaged in addressing questions on peace and security cannot be separated from the question of the struggle for freedom and economic prosperity, democratic rights and social justice
J. Questions often asked and addressed is peace for whom and security for what? Minority vs Majority- John Stewart Mill.

10. Lecture 3.10
Students of peace and security studies must realise wars are fought not only for defence of a given territory but also for the maintenance of certain moral and social order- Edmund Burke- there is no need to change.. Effort by our elders, thinkers,…..after all the future is not known hence pause danger.

11. Lecture 3.11
Students of peace and security studies must note that peace and security must be conceptualised and perceived not only in the negative sense of minimising and resolving conflicts but also in the true sense of creating material conditions which provide for wars of people and a certain minimum conditions of security