1. Biology Study Guide
“Biology is the natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy.”
Cut and discard this bottom portion.

2. Scientific Process

3. Science Equipment & Measurement
Electronic Balance
Mass (g/kg)
Dissection Equipment
Gel Electrophoresis
Microscope
Lab Incubators
Metric Ruler
Micropippettors
Petri Dishes
Stereoscope
Scientific Investigation & Reasoning Skills

4. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote Cell
Animal vs. Plant Cell
Nucleus
Cell Wall
Plasma Membrane
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Ribosome
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Important Cell Parts
Cellular Structure & Function
Vacuole
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosome
Cilia

5. Cellular Transport Energy Conversions
Types of Solutions
Reporting Cat 1: Cell Structure & Function

6. Lytic/Lysogenic Cycle
Synthesis of New Molecules & Biomolecules
Cellular Growth and Replication
DNA Replication
Mitosis
Lytic/Lysogenic Cycle
Meiosis
Binary Fission

7. Cell Differentiation & Specialization Cell Growth Gone Wrong:
DNA & RNA Structure
Cell Growth Gone Wrong:
Tumors
Reporting Cat 1: Cell Structure & Function

8. Carrying the Genetic Information
Sex Cells
Chromosomes
Genes
DNA
Protein Synthesis: Transcription and Translation
The Purpose of the Process: This is the way that cells build more proteins

9. Genotype = combination of alleles “AA” NonMendelian Genetics
A=Tall a=Short
25%
A= Dominant (strong, visible) Gene
a= Recessive (weak, hidden) Gene
A or a = alleles
Homozygous= same alleles= AA
Heterozygous= different alleles= Aa
Genotypes:
AA, Aa, aa
Phenotypes:
3 tall and 1 short
Genetics
Genotype = combination of alleles “AA”
Phenotype = the way the genotype is physically expressed in an organism “Tall”
AA=homozygous dominant traits Aa=heterozygous dominant traits aa=homozygous recessive traits
Monohybrid Cross
Dihybrid Cross
NonMendelian Genetics
Studying the Genome
Mutations
DNA Fingerprinting
Genetic Engineering
Chromosomal Analysis
Reporting Category 2: Mechanisms of Genetics

10. Differential Reproduction Natural Selection & Adaptation Over Time
Evidence of Common Ancestry
Fossil Record
Biogeography
Homology
Anatomical
Molecular
Developmental
Investigating Natural Selection
Trait Variation
Differential Reproduction
Heredity
Trait Advantage
Natural Selection & Adaptation Over Time

11. Other Evolutionary Mechanisms
Genetic Drift- the effect of chance on heredity through a random event or situation.
Gene Flow- the movement (migration) of genes from population to population
Mutation- a mutation can change offspring for generations to come, by introducing something new.
Recombination- this process can also change the evolutionary process.
Reporting Cat 3: Biological Evolution & Classification

12. Taxonomy & Biological Classification
Taxonomy is the science of identifying and arranging species into a classification.
Carl Linnaeus gives us the system that we are familiar with today.
Each part of the classification system is very important.

13. Exploring the Classification System 6 Kingdoms of classification.
The 3 Domains and
6 Kingdoms of classification.
Domain Bacteria – Eubacteria
Domain Archaea – Archaebacteria
Domain Eukarya – Protista, Fungi
Animalia, Plantae
Eubacteria- single celled organisms, cell wall made of peptidoglycan.
Archaebacteria- single celled organisms, no peptidoglycan in cell wall, lipid membranes instead.
Protista- can be unicellular or multicellular but they are eukaryotes.
Fungi – unicellular
or multicellular but they are eukaryotes.
Animalia- multicellular, nucleus, no cell walls, heterotrophs
Plantae –multicellular, nucleus, chloroplasts, autotrophs
Reporting Cat 3: Biological Evolution & Classification

14. Reactants & Products in Biological Processes14

15. Investigating Biological Systems
Enzymes play a key role in being catalyst in chemical reactions within the body:
Increase rate of reaction
Enzyme substrate-Product
Enzyme regulation (H-L, L-H)
Feedback mechanisms are a way of an organism trying to maintain homeostasis for example:
Blood glucose production
Body temperature
Plant water and CO2 levels
Reporting Cat 4: Biological Processes & Systems

16. Body Systems & Their Functions
The human body is a very complicated system. It is made up of many systems working together. Each system has a job, and all of the systems together keep us alive. Below are the most important systems for you to know.
Circulate blood throughout the body
Circulatory System
Supply blood with oxygen for the body.
Respiratory System
Organs that work together to help us reproduce
Reproductive System
Digestive System
Removes excess material or waste
Excretory System
These systems help the body maintain “Homeostasis”

17. Body Systems & Their Functions
Every system has a job and those jobs help keep your body balanced or in homeostasis. Feedback mechanisms are ways of keeping this important balance. When you sweat you cool down, when you eat you stop starvation, your body tells your brain, and it tells the body what to do.
Endocrine System
Secretes hormones into bloodstream to regulate the body.
Nervous System
Coordinates the actions of different parts of the body.
Integumentary System
This system protects the body from damage. It uses skin, hair, etc.
Skeletal System
Provides the body with form, shape and structure.
Muscular System
Provides the body with the ability to move.
Systems working together to maintain “Homeostasis”
Reporting Category 4: Biological Processes & Systems

18. Ecosystems, Environmental Change, & The Roles of Organisms Within Them
Ecosystems have a very delicate balance. Often times factors beyond their control can offset the balance. Organisms then have to choices adjust over time or perish.
Primary Succession – newly exposed rock, sand, or lava, no previous biotic community. New populations will move into this area, and those species will diversity over time as well.
Secondary Succession – takes place where a previous community has been removed. New populations will also move into this area and those species will diversify over time.
Environmental change will bring with it changes in the community that forms within it.
Ecosystem

19. Relationships Within an Ecosystem
Reporting Cat 5 – Interdependence Within Environmental Sys
Predation – where a predator (an organism that is hunting) feeds on its prey (the organism that is attacked).
Parasitism – non mutual relationship between organisms of different species where one organism, parasite, benefits at the expense of the other, the host
Commensalism – relationship between two organisms where one organism benefits but the other is neutral (there is no harm or benefit)
Predation – the way two organisms of different species biologically interact in a relationship in which each individual derives a fitness benefit (i.e., increased or improved reproductive output).
Competition – These interactions cause competition among organisms and helps determine survival or extinction.
Microorganisms – These organisms interact with others as well and cause diseases, aid organisms, and disrupt ecosystems as well over time.

20. Interactions in the Ecosystem
Decomposer- bacteria that eats the remains Ex. = Fungus
Consumer- animal that eats. Ex. = Frog
Producer- plants that make food. Ex. = Grass
Predator- animal that hunts Ex. = Lion
Prey- animal that gets eaten. Ex = . Deer
tertiary consumers
secondary consumers
primary consumers
producers
Omnivores- eat both plants and meat
Carnivores- meat eaters
Herbivores- plant eaters
3 types of consumers:
Energy is transferred in a food pyramid from plants herbivores carnivores
(carnivores)
Hawks
Frogs (carnivores)
Grasshoppers (herbivores)
Grass
Interactions in the Ecosystem
Organisms’ interactions dictate the flow of energy in an ecosystem.

21. The Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem
Simple food chains are used to represent the way organisms interact with one another in an ecosystem, the type of ecosystem is important to the types of organisms that will be found with in.
Food webs depict the way all of the organisms interact, and combine simple food chains into one model of interaction.
Energy pyramids are a great model for illustrating trophic levels. The higher in the pyramid you go, the fewer organisms there are at the top. Coining the phrase, “Top of the food chain!”
Biomass is the amount of living or organic matter present in an organism. Biomass pyramids show how much biomass is present in the organisms at each trophic level. Please remember that energy or matter is neither created nor destroyed.
Reporting Cat 5 – Interdependence Within Environmental Sys

22. The Importance of Cycles on Earth
Carbon Cycle: recycles O2 and CO2 on Earth for all organisms.
Water Cycle: recycles water on Earth for all organisms.
Nitrogen Cycle: recycles Nitrogen on Earth for all organisms.