1. Phrases
Pg 489

2. A Phrase
A phrase is a group of related words that is used as a single part of speech and does not contain both a subject and a verb

3. Prepositional Phrase
A prepositional phrase includes a preposition, a noun or pronoun called the object of the preposition, and any modifiers of that object
Ex. Under the umbrella, among good friends, and for ourselves

4. Practice
1. In the laboratory, subjects have electrodes attached to their heads.
2. Electrodes transmit signals from the brain.
3. These signals, called brain waves, are recorded on a graph.

5. Adjective Phrases
A prepositional phrase used as an adjective is called an adjective phrase
An adjective phrase modifies a noun or a pronoun
They answer the questions:
What kind?
Which one?
How many?
How much?

6. Practice Who is the woman in the blue coat?
Underline each adjective phrase in the following sentences. Then, draw
an arrow from the phrase to the noun or pronoun it modifies.
Who is the woman in the blue coat?
2. The family across the street just adopted two Persian cats.
3. Latrice composes music for her favorite poems.

7. Adverb Phrases
An adverb phrase modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb
Answers the questions:
When?
Where?
How?
Why?
How often?
To what extent?

8. Practice
Underline each adverb phrase in the following sentences. Then, draw
an arrow from the phrase to the word or words it modifies.
Mrs. Jordan was campaigning for a third term.
2. She was accompanied by a television crew and radio announcers.
3. My father and mother have known the councilor for many years.

9. Participles and Participle Phrases
A participle phrase is a verb form that can be used as an adjective
There are two kinds of participles: the present and the past participles
Ex. Mr. Smith rescued three people from the burning building.

10. Present Participles end in –ing Past participles end in –d or –ed
Chasing the cat…
Past participles end in –d or –ed
Well trained in gunnery…
The participle phrase consists of a participle together with its modifiers and complements. The entire phrase is used as an adjective.
Ex. Stretching slowly, the cat jumped down from the windowsill.
(the participle stretching is modified by the adverb slowly)

11. An antelope of delicate blown glass stands in the window.
Underline the past participle or past participial phrase in each of the following sentences. Then, circle the word or words that it modifies.
An antelope of delicate blown glass stands in the window.
2. In his own lifetime, Thomas Alva Edison would become an inventor celebrated the world over.
3. White ribbons top the brightly wrapped present.

12. Gerunds
A gerund is a verbal that ends in -ing and functions as a noun.
The term verbal indicates that a gerund, like the other two kinds of verbals, is based on a verb and therefore expresses action or a state of being.
However, since a gerund functions as a noun, it occupies some positions in a sentence that a noun ordinarily would.
EX. Traveling might satisfy your desire for new experiences. (Traveling is the gerund.)

13. Gerund as direct object:
Gerund as subject:
Ex. Traveling might satisfy your desire for new experiences. (Traveling is the gerund.)
Gerund as direct object:
Ex. They do not appreciate my singing. (The gerund is singing.)
Gerund as subject complement:
My cat's favorite activity is sleeping. (The gerund is sleeping.)
Gerund as object of preposition:
The police arrested him for speeding. (The gerund is speeding.)
A Gerund Phrase is a group of words consisting of a gerund and the modifier(s) and/or (pro)noun(s) or noun phrase(s) that function as the direct object(s), indirect object(s), or complement(s) of the action or state expressed in the gerund.
Finding a needle in a haystack would be easier than what we're trying to do.
Finding (gerund) a needle (direct object of action expressed in gerund) in a haystack (prepositional phrase as adverb)

14. Points to remember:
A gerund is a verbal ending in -ing that is used as a noun.
A gerund phrase consists of a gerund plus modifier(s), object(s), and/or complement(s).

15. Practice in finding Gerunds
Underline each gerund in the following sentences.
The Pomo Indians were so good at weaving that some of their baskets could hold water.
2. Can just talking solve a problem?
3. Why don’t you give diving a try?
4. Possibly the most important occupation in the world is farming.
5. Luis had just returned from sailing and had not yet eaten lunch.

16. The Infinitive
An infinitive is a verb form, usually preceded by to, that can be used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb

17. Practice
Underline the infinitive or infinitive phrase in each of the following sentences.
To save a file on this computer, press F9.
2. To have everything is not possible, so you must make choices.
3. Antonio Novello was the first Hispanic to become surgeon general of the United States.
4. It’s good to hear your voice for the first time since your trip to Miami.
5. My little brother wants to go everywhere with me.

18. Appositives and Appositive Phrases
An appositive is a noun or a pronoun used to explain or identify another noun or pronoun
Ex. Vernon, my cousin, was born in Jamaica.

19. Practice
1. Number 53, a favorite with the crowd, is expected to break the record this game.
2. The garment, a traditional Indian sari, was wrapped carefully around her body.
3. The soloist bowed and picked up his instrument, a violin.
4. Ask Mr. Fulton, the man in the black beret over there, about the entrance fee.

20. Tuesday Practice _____ 1. You are so kind to think of us!
Underline the infinitive or infinitive phrase in each of the following sentences. On the line provided, write N if the phrase is used as a noun, ADJ if it is used as an adjective, or ADV if it is used as an adverb.
_____ 1. You are so kind to think of us!
_____ 1. The play starts at 7:00, and we don’t want to arrive late.

21. Wednesday Practice
Underline the participle or participial phrase in each of the following sentences. Then, on the line provided, write the word that the participle or participial phrase modifies.
____ 1. The cup, fabled for its healing powers, eluded archaeologists.
_________ 1. Their yard had a freshly painted fence.

22. Thursday Practice 1. Take me to the art museum, please.
Underline each prepositional phrase. Then, circle the word or words that the phrase modifies.
1. Take me to the art museum, please.
2. Tiny streams of lava still flowed from the Kilauea volcano.