1. The Passive
Ch. 10

2. Passive Sentences
All of the verb tenses & forms we have learned about so far have been ACTIVE. That is, they focus on who or what PERFORMS the action.
Passive sentences focus on the RECEIVER or the RESULT of an action.
We use passive sentences A LOT in academic writing.

3. Order of Passive Sentences
The passive form changes the order of the subject and object in a sentence.
The OBJECT becomes the subject
The subject becomes a noun phrase at the end of the sentence OR
It is not included in the sentence at all.

4. Example: Active Sentence: Jonah sent the letter Passive Sentence:
The letter was sent by Jonah

5. Example: The storm damaged our roof.
Subject = storm (what did the damage)
Object = roof (what was damaged)
Our roof was damaged by the storm

6. Passive Forms (10-2) Form of ALL passive verbs:
Be + Past Participle
Be can be in ANY of its forms:
Am, is, are, was, were, has been, have been, will be, is/are going to be

7. Passive Forms (10-2) Simple Present: Simple Past: Present Progressive:
The girl is carried by her dad.
Simple Past:
The girl was carried by her dad.
Present Progressive:
The girl is being carried by her dad.
Past Progressive:
The girl was being carried by her dad.
Present Perfect:
The girl has been carried by her dad.
Future (Will):
The girl will be carried by her dad.
Future (Be Going To):
The girl is going to be carried by her Dad.

8. More Practice: Simple Present & Past
Mardi Gras, or Fat Tuesday, ___________ (celebrate) in many cities around the world in late February or early March, but Mardi Gras in New Orleans, Louisiana _____________ (consider) by many to be the most spectacular. During the week before Fat Tuesday, the French Quarter of New Orleans ______ (fill) with long, winding parades. These parades _________(make up) of magnificent floats and marching bands. Spectators __________ (entertain) by a variety of performers. Plastic bead necklaces and a variety of toys ___________(throw) from the floats, and these “treasures” __________ (catch) by the spectators lining the parade route. The parades ______(enjoy) by thousands of people.

9. Check Your Work
Mardi Gras, or Fat Tuesday, is celebrated in many cities around the world in late February or early March, but Mardi Gras in New Orleans, Louisiana is considered by many to be the most spectacular. During the week before Fat Tuesday, the French Quarter of New Orleans is filled with long, winding parades. These parades are made up of magnificent floats and marching bands. Spectators are entertained by a variety of performers. Plastic bead necklaces and a variety of toys are thrown from the floats, and these “treasures” are caught by the spectators lining the parade route. The parades are enjoyed by thousands of people.

10. Complete Using Simple Past Passive
Last week, Mardi Gras, or Fat Tuesday, ___________ (celebrate) in many cities around the world, but Mardi Gras in New Orleans, Louisiana _____________ (consider) by many to be the most spectacular. During the week before Fat Tuesday, the French Quarter of New Orleans ______ (fill) with long, winding parades. These parades _________(make up) of magnificent floats and marching bands. Spectators __________ (entertain) by a variety of performers. Plastic bead necklaces and a variety of toys ___________(throw) from the floats, and these “treasures” __________ (catch) by the spectators lining the parade route. The parades ______(enjoy) by thousands of people.

11. Check Your Work
Last week, Mardi Gras, or Fat Tuesday, was celebrated in many cities around the world, but Mardi Gras in New Orleans, Louisiana was considered by many to be the most spectacular. During the week before Fat Tuesday, the French Quarter of New Orleans was filled with long, winding parades. These parades were made up of magnificent floats and marching bands. Spectators were entertained by a variety of performers. Plastic bead necklaces and a variety of toys were thrown from the floats, and these “treasures” were caught by the spectators lining the parade route. The parades were enjoyed by thousands of people.

12. More Practice!
Africa’s Lake Victoria _________ (choke) by a plant. The beautiful water hyacinth ____ (blame) for causing serious ecological damage. Bays _________(turn) into muddy swamps. As a result, boats _________ (trap), and breeding grounds for mosquitoes _______(create). Because of the plant’s floating leaves, harbors ___________(block). The pipes at a power station _________(clog). Fishing ____________ (threaten) as well.

13. Check Your Work
Africa’s Lake Victoria is being choked by a plant. The beautiful water hyacinth is being blamed for causing serious ecological damage. Bays are being turned into muddy swamps. As a result, boats are being trapped, and breeding grounds for mosquitoes are being created. Because of the plant’s floating leaves, harbors are being blocked. The pipes at a power station are being clogged. Fishing is being threatened as well.

14. Complete Using Past Continuous Passive
In the 1980s, Africa’s Lake Victoria _________ (choke) by a plant. The beautiful water hyacinth ____ (blame) for causing serious ecological damage. Bays _________(turn) into muddy swamps. As a result, boats _________ (trap), and breeding grounds for mosquitoes _______(create). Because of the plant’s floating leaves, harbors ___________(block). The pipes at a power station _________(clog). Fishing ____________ (threaten) as well.

15. Check Your Work
In the 1980s, Africa’s Lake Victoria was being choked by a plant. The beautiful water hyacinth was being blamed for causing serious ecological damage. Bays were being turned into muddy swamps. As a result, boats were being trapped, and breeding grounds for mosquitoes were being created. Because of the plant’s floating leaves, harbors were being blocked. The pipes at a power station were being clogged. Fishing was being threatened as well.

16. Practice
Complete Exercises 2, 4, 5, 6, and 7 – p

17. Transitive Verbs (10-3)
Transitive verbs are verbs that are followed by an object.
Give an exam
Give = verb
Exam = object (what was given)

18. Transitive Verbs Throw a baseball Throw = Verb
Baseball = Object (what was thrown)

19. Identify the Verb and the Object
Bo took ESL classes this semester.
Nuttika enjoys music.
Henry ate lunch.
Hakki is drinking a bottle of water.
Kouiado hates tests.

20. Intransitive Verbs (10-3)
Intransitive verbs are verbs that cannot be followed by an object.
Because Intransitive verbs can’t take an object, we can’t make passive sentences with them.

21. Common Intransitive Verbs
Agree
Laugh
Talk
Appear
Live
Wait
Arrive
Occur
Walk
Become
Rain
Come
Rise
This list is on p in your book
Die
Seem
Exist
Sit
Fall
Sleep
It stinks, but you HAVE to memorize this list to do well on quizzes/tests
Flow
Sneeze Go
Stand
Happen
Stay

22. Can We Make it Passive?
A psychologist proposed a new theory about facial expressions.

23. Passive
A new theory about facial expressions WAS PROPOSED by a psychologist.

24. Can We Make it Passive?
Some interesting results are emerging from cross- cultural data.

25. NO
Emerging = intransitive verb

26. Can We Make it Passive?
The research team was considering the new theory.

27. Passive
A new theory was being considered by the research team.

28. Can We Make it Passive?
They already have 75 participants for the study.

29. Trick Question!
While “has” CAN have an object when its meaning is possession (Jack has a baseball), it has NO passive form.
Common transitive verbs with no passive form are:
Fit has resemble became
Lack consists of costs
Suits equal weighs

30. Can We Make it Passive?
The psychology department is paying each participant.

31. Passive
The participants are being paid by the psychology department.

32. Can We Make it Passive?
Some new equipment for the project arrived yesterday.

33. NO
Arrived = intransitive verb

34. Can We Make it Passive?
The researchers still need more equipment for data analysis.

35. Passive
More equipment is needed for data analysis.

36. Practice
Complete Exercise 9, p. 264

37. Using the by-phrase (10-4)
The by-phrase is used in passive sentences when it is important to know who performs an action:
The report was written by Mary.
Here WHO wrote the report is important information
Usually there is NO by-phrase in passive sentences because the passive is normally used when who performs an action is NOT known or NOT important:
Corn is grown in the Midwest.
Here exactly WHO grows the corn is unknown or not important
The office was cleaned yesterday.
WHO cleaned the office is unknown or unimportant

38. Using the by-phrase (10-4)
Usually the active is used when the speaker knows who performed the action:
The report was excellent. Mary did a good job writing it.
The passive may be used when who performed the action is known if the focus of attention is on the object not the performer of the action:
The report was excellent. Do you know who wrote it?
I think the report was written by Mary.
Here the focus of the conversation is the report, not the person who wrote it, so the passive is used.

39. Listening Practice
Complete Exercises 15 and 17, p

40. Practice
Complete Exercises 12, 13, 14, and 16 – p

41. Passive Modals (10-5)
Modal auxiliaries are often used with the passive:
Form: Modal + Be + Past Participle
Examples:
The dog will be adopted.
The dog can be adopted.
They dog should be adopted.
The dog ought to be adopted.
The dog must be adopted.
The dog has to be adopted.
The dog may/might/could be adopted.

42. Change the Active Modals to Passive
Someone must send this letter immediately
This letter ______________ immediately

43. People should plant tomatoes in the spring.

44. People cannot control the weather.

45. Someone had to fix our car before we left for Chicago.

46. People can reach me on my cell phone.
I _______________ on my cell phone.

47. Someone ought to wash these dirty dishes soon.

48. People may cook carrots or eat them raw.
Carrots __________ or ____________ raw.

49. Be careful! If that email has a virus, it could destroy your reports.
Your reports _______________ if that file has a virus.

50. You must keep medicine out of the reach of children.

51. Practice Complete exercise 20, p. 270
Write passive sentences for your answers whenever possible

52. Past Participles as Adjectives (Non-Progressive Passive) (10-6)
A BEING verb can be followed by an adjective that describes or gives more info about the subject:
The ball is blue.
Anna is short.
Her dogs are small.

53. Past Participles as Adjectives (Non-Progressive Passive) (10-6)
A BEING verb can also be followed by a past participle that often functions like an adjective – describing or giving info about the subject of the sentence. Past Participles are used as adjectives in many common, everyday expressions (informal speech/slang/idioms).
Often the past participles in these expressions are followed by a particular preposition + an object:
Anna is excited about her vacation.
My class is tired of homework.
Her mother was disappointed with her grades.
You will be finished with level 3 in December.
A list of common Expressions with Be + Past Participle is on p It’s another list you will probably want to memorize.

54. Practice
Complete Exercises 22, 23, 24, 25, and 27 – p

55. Participial Adjectives: -ed vs. –ing (10-7)
The past participle (-ed) and present participle (-ing) can be used as adjectives.
Use the past participle (-ed) to describe HOW A PERSON FEELS.
Use the present participle (-ing) to describe THE CAUSE OF THE FEELING.
Example:
Sad movie endings depress me.
I am depressed by sad movie endings. (How I feel)
Sad movie endings are depressing. (Cause of feeling)

56. Participial Adjectives: -ed vs. –ing (10-7)
More Examples:
Running energizes me.
I am energized by running. (Feeling)
Running is energizing. (Cause of Feeling)
Reading relaxes her.
She is relaxed by reading. (Feeling)
Reading is relaxing (to her). (Cause of Feeling)

57. Participial Adjectives: -ed vs. –ing (10-7)
Like other adjectives, participial adjectives may follow BE, or they may come in front of nouns:
The news was surprising.
She heard the surprising news.
The window was broken.
Roberto fixed the broken window.

58. Practice
Complete exercises 30 and 31, p

59. Get + Adj / Get + Past Participle (10-8)
Get can be followed by an adjective:
I am getting dizzy. I need to sit down.
She got rich after she won the lottery.
Get = idea of change (becoming, beginning to be, growing to be):
It is getting hot outside.
The temperature is changing – becoming hotter
It gets dark earlier and earlier each night.
The night is becoming/starting sooner as each day goes by

60. Get + Adj / Get + Past Participle (10-8)
Sometimes get is followed by a past participle. When this happens, the past participle is acting like an adjective (describing the subject of the sentence):
She got sunburned at the beach.
She will get invited to the dance.
My students are getting worried about their final.
See p. 278 for a common list of Get + Adj and Get + Past Participle phrases

61. Practice
Complete Exercises 35, 38, and 39 – p

62. Be Used/Accustomed To & Get Used/Accustomed To (10-9)
I am used to hot weather.
I am accustomed to hot weather.
Used To & Accustomed to have the same meaning: Something is normal/familiar for you.
Here you are saying you live in a hot climate, so hot weather is normal to you.

63. Be Used/Accustomed To & Get Used/Accustomed To (10-9)
I am used to doing my homework every night.
I am accustomed to doing my homework every night.
Here used/accustomed to is followed by an –ing verb (the verb is being used as a gerund)

64. Be Used/Accustomed To & Get Used/Accustomed To (10-9)
I just moved from Kansas City to Houston.
I am getting used to the bad traffic.
I am getting accustomed to the bad traffic.
Get used/accustomed to = something is new to you, but it is beginning to seem usual/normal

65. Listening Practice
Complete Exercise 42, p

66. Practice
Complete Exercise 41, p. 282

67. Used To vs. Be Used To (10-10) Used to expresses the habitual past:
I used to live in Kansas City, but then I moved to Houston.
I used to work at Notre Dame de Sion School, but now I work at HCC.
Note: It is followed by the simple form of a verb even though you are talking about the past
Be Used To expresses something that is usual/normal for you now, in the present and is followed by the –ing form of a verb:
I am used to living in large cities.
I am used to walking the dogs three times a day.

68. Using Be Supposed To (10-11)
Be supposed to is used to talk about an activity or an event that is expected to occur:
The test is supposed to be on Thursday.
The teacher said the test will be on Thursday, so the students expect that is when it will happen.
The plane is supposed to land at 2:00 p.m.
The airline’s schedule lists the flight’s landing time as 2:00, so it is expected that is when the flight will arrive.

69. Using Be Supposed To (10-11)
In the past form, be supposed to often expresses the idea that an expected event DID NOT occur:
Our test was supposed to be on Thursday, but the teacher was sick and canceled class.
The students expected to have the test on Thursday, but it did not happen because the teacher canceled class.
The plane was supposed to land at 2:00 p.m., but it was delayed by weather.
The plane was expected to arrive at 2:00 p.m., but bad weather caused the flight to be late, so it did not arrive on-time at 2:00 p.m.

70. Practice
Complete Exercises 46, 47, 49, and 53, p

71. Quiz: Using Grammar in Writing
Complete Exercise 54, p. 289
Write a short paragraph (7-10) sentences) for Part II. Make sure at least HALF of the sentences in your paragraph are passive.
Due NEXT CLASS for a quiz grade!!!