1. Reservoirs, aquifers and rivers
LO: to explain how these supply water at a local level

2. Key terms
Water surplus: Some parts of the world receive more water than they lose through evaporation and transpiration. Water deficit:  Other places have such high rates of evapotranspiration (caused by high temperatures) that they can lose more water than they receive during a given time period.

3. Water issues in the UK….

4. Using only evidence from figure 1 explain why the UK may have water issues

5. Can you think of any other reasons?

6. Key word

8. Kielder Reservoir Facts
Constructed
Length - about 7 miles.
Area - 10 sq kilometres.
Capacity million cubic metres.
Cost - £167m.
Position: 1m east of Kielder or 1m west of Falstone, Northumberland.
Grid Ref: NY (dam at east end of reservoir).

12. Kielder Dam – constructed during 1975 to 1982. It cost £185 million.
A Multi- Purpose scheme
Kielder Dam – constructed during 1975 to 1982.
It cost £185 million.

13. Water Supply purpose:
12 km long reservoir.
Stores 188,000 million litres.

14. H.E.P. Supply Purpose
Kielder Water is one of Europe's largest man made lakes. It houses the Kielder Hydrolectric plant – England’s biggest HEP scheme.
The turbine house is located just below the Kielder dam and is powered by dual turbines capable of producing just over 6 megawatts of ‘green’ power.

15. Great Tyne Flood 1771 – never again?
The water held by Kielder Reservoir is used to help regulate flow into the River Tyne
Flood Control Purpose
Great Tyne Flood 1771 – never again?

16. Forestry Purpose as well
Surrounded by a 100,000 hectare forest – one of Europe’s largest plantations.

17. … And Leisure Purpose too

19. In the 1970s they thought the industries of the north east region would need so much water that demand would exceed supply.

20. By the time it was built many of the industries had gone.
But other areas were short of water – like Yorkshire

21. Reservoir questions
Task: Kielder Water. Study student book p. 139, video and notes from this PPT. Then answer the questions below.
Why and how are reservoirs created?
What were the purposes of building Kielder Water?
Key facts:
Regulation reservoir. Holds 200 billion litres.
It releases water into the North Tyne River.
Huge pumps take water from the Tyne at Riding Mill and transfer it through a tunnel to the River Derwent, then to the River Wear and then to the River Tees.
In this way, water treatment works can all be supplied with water from Kielder.
The main towns and cities served by the reservoir include Newcastle, Sunderland and Middlesbrough.
This reservoir gives plentiful water supplies to north-east England.

22. Groundwater : Aquifers

23. Key word: Aquifer:
A porous rock formation that allows water to move in and then hold water in tiny holes, such as a layer of chalk. The aquifer must occur above a layer that prevents the water seeping away, such as clay. The highest level of water in an aquifer is known as the water table. To extract water from an aquifer a hole is drilled down to below the water table and pressure will cause the water to flow up the pipe to the surface. Traditionally, chalk aquifers around the River Thames basin were used to supply water to London.

24. Aquifers in India
Watch the following 2 videos about the aquifers in India…
Coca cola in Rajasthan case study from 8.20
Who collects water from these?
How do they collect this water?
What issues are there?

25. Coca-Cola established a bottling plant in the village of Kaladera in Rajasthan at the end of Rajasthan is well known as a desert state, and Kaladera is a small, impoverished village characterised by semi-arid conditions. Farmers rely on access to groundwater for the cultivation of their crops. but since Coca-Cola's arrival, they have been confronted with a serious decline in water levels. Locals are increasingly unable to irrigate their lands and sustain their crops, putting whole families at risk of losing their livelihoods.

26. Homework Finish notes on Aquifers in London
Make notes on Rivers as a source of water
Due Friday 4th March

31. Aquifers.
Read student book p. 140, then complete a copy and complete the diagram

33. Rivers
Read student book pp. 140–141, then complete a copy of the diagram below by adding your notes to answer the questions or in response to the prompts.

34. Plenary:
Summarize what you have learnt today in 5 key bullet points