1. Future Time
Ch. 3

2. Be going to + Will (3-1)
Be going to and will are used to express future time
MOST of the time be going to and will have the same meaning (you can use them interchangeably)
I am going to go to the store tomorrow.
I will go to the store tomorrow.
I am going to see a movie on Saturday.
I will see a movie on Saturday.

3. Be Going To + Will (3-1)
Today, Tonight, and This + morning/afternoon/evening/week/etc.
Can express present, past, or future time depending on what verbs you use them with.
Sam IS in his office THIS MORNING.
present
Ann WAS in her office THIS MORNING at eight, but now she’s at a meeting.
past
Bob IS GOING TO BE in his office THIS MORNING after his dentist appointment.
future

4. Shall (3-1)
Shall can be used in place of be going to/will with I or WE as the subject.
I shall leave at nine tomorrow morning.
I will leave at nine tomorrow morning.
I am going to leave at nine tomorrow morning.
This is very, very formal, so we hardly ever use it.

5. Be Going To (3-2)
Be (am/is/are) + Going To + Simple Form of Verb (Statement)
It is going to rain tonight
She is going to Harvard Law next fall.
Be (am/is/are) + NOT + Going To + Simple Form of Verb (Negative)
It is not going to rain tonight.
She is not going to Harvard Law next fall. She decided to go to Yale.
Be (am/is/are) + Subject + Going to + Simple Form of Verb (Yes/No ?)
Is it going to rain tonight?
Is she going to Harvard Law next fall?

6. “Gonna” (3-2) We usually use be going to when speaking.
When speaking, we often get lazy and shorten be going to into “gonna”
We do NOT use “gonna” in writing!
Hurry up! We’re gonna be late!
You’d better study for your test or you’re gonna be sorry.

7. Listening Practice
Complete Exercise 6, p. 58

8. Practice Complete Exercise 4, p. 57
Complete Exercise 8, p. 59 – WRITE your responses.

9. Will (3-3) Will + Simple Form of Verb (Statement)
I will grade your quizzes soon.
She will take the TSI test at the end of the semester.
Will + NOT + Simple Form of Verb (Negative)
I will not grade your quizzes tonight.
She will not take the TSI test at the end of the semester. She still needs to take level 4.
Will + Subject + Simple Form of Verb (Yes/No ?)
Will you grade our quizzes soon?
Will she take the TSI test at the end of the semester?

10. Will – Contractions (3-3)
Will is usually contracted with pronouns in speech and INFORMAL writing:
I will = I’ll
You will = you’ll
She will = she’ll
He will = he’ll
It will = it’ll
We will = we’ll
They will = they’ll
Will is often contracted with nouns in speech, but NOT in writing:
Bob will = Bob’ll
The teacher will = the teacher’ll

11. Listening Practice
Complete Exercises 10 and 11, p

12. Certainty About the Future (3-4)
100% Sure = be going to/will
Use will or be going to in order to state a fact about the future. Something you are CERTAIN will happen
I will be in class tomorrow.
I am going to walk the dogs tomorrow evening.
I will teach classes in the spring.
You will take a final exam at the end of the semester.

13. Certainty About the Future (3-4)
90% Sure = will + PROBABLY / be PROBABLY going to
Probably is used to say that you EXPECT something to happen but are not 100% sure.
You are ALMOST sure, but not completely sure.
You will probably have a test next week.
Note word order with statement: will + probably + verb
You probably will not have a test this week.
Note word order with negative: probably + will + not + verb
I am probably going to see a movie on Saturday.
Note word order with statement: be + probably + going to + verb
I am probably not going to see a movie on Saturday.
Note word order with negative: be + probably + not + going to + verb

14. Certainty About the Future (3-4)
50% Sure – MAY or MAYBE
May or Maybe express a future possibility (a guess), something that might or might not happen.
May is used in place or will or be going to:
I may visit my family in October.
I may not visit my family in October.
Maybe is used WITH will or be going to:
Maybe I will take a nap when I get home, and maybe I won’t.
Maybe you are going to have a quiz tomorrow, and maybe you aren’t.
Note: Maybe always comes at the BEGINNING of a sentence

15. Practice
Complete Exercise 14 (write whole sentences for answers), Exercise 15, and Exercise 18, p

16. Be Going To vs. Will (3-5)
Be going to and will mean the same when they are used to make predictions about the future.
My students will pass because they study hard.
My students are going to pass because they study hard.
Be going to is used to express a prior plan (a plan made before the time you speak about it)
I am packing up some of my things because I am going to buy a house this spring. (The speaker plans to buy a house)
She is not coming to the party. She is going to work an extra shift instead. (She plans to work)
Will is used to express a quick decision (a decision you make at the moment of speaking)
Your arms are full. I will open the door for you. (the speaker volunteers or decides at the immediate present moment to help – he/she didn’t have a prior plan to help)
Would someone please erase the board for me? I will!

17. Practice
Complete Exercises 20, 21 (in writing), and 22, p

18. Expressing the Future in Time Clauses + If Clauses (3-6)
Time clauses can be used in sentences talking about the future.
(before/after/when/as soon as/until/while + subject + verb)
The simple present is used in the time clause. Will/Be going to are used in the main (independent) clause.
BEFORE I GO HOME TONIGHT, I’m going to stop at the store.
AFTER I EAT LUNCH, I will teach another class.
I will give him your message WHEN I SEE HIM.
I am going to stay home this weekend WHILE THE FOOTBALL GAME IS ON.

19. Expressing the Future in Time Clauses + If Clauses (3-6)
If Clause = IF + Subject + Verb
When the sentence is about the future, use SIMPLE PRESENT in the IF Clause and be going to/will in the main (independent) clause.
If it rains tomorrow, I am not going to take the dogs for a walk.
Angie missed the first two weeks of class. If she misses class tomorrow, she will be dropped.
I will go to a movie on Saturday if one I like is playing.
My students are going to have a test next week if we finish chapter 3.

20. Practice
Complete Exercises 25, 26, 28, 29, and 30 – p

21. Using the Present Progressive to Express Future Time (3-7)
The present progressive (am/is/are + verb-ing) can be used to express future time.
When used for the future, the present progressive can be used in place of be going to in order to describe DEFINITE PLANS for the future – plans that were made before the moment of speaking:
Tim is going to come to the party tomorrow.
Tim is coming to the party tomorrow.
I ‘m going to grade your quizzes tomorrow.
I’m grading your quizzes tomorrow.
To express the future, the present progressive needs to be used with a future time word (or may be indicated by the context of the discussion)

22. Using the Present Progressive to Express Future Time (3-7)
Be (am/is/are) + Verb + -ing
She is leaving. (indicates she’s leaving NOW)
She is leaving in a few minutes (indicates action in the future)
They are studying for the test. (NOW)
They are studying tonight for the test. (Future)

23. Practice
Complete Exercise 32, p. 72

24. Simple Present to Express Future Time (3-8)
The simple present can express future time when describing events that are on a definite schedule or timetable.
My plane arrives at 7:35 a.m. tomorrow.
Tim’s new job starts next week.
Our semester ends on December 11th.
There is a test in conversation class tomorrow.
Only a few verbs are used in the simple present to express future time:
Arrive
Leave
Start
Begin
End
Finish
Open
Close
Be (am/is/are)

25. Practice
Complete Exercise 37, p

26. Immediate Future: Be About To (3-9)
Be About To is an idiom expressing an activity that will happen in the immediate future (usually within minutes or seconds of talking about it)
Ann’s bags are packed, and she is wearing her coat. She IS ABOUT TO LEAVE for the airport.
Be quiet! The movie IS ABOUT TO BEGIN.
The teacher has a stack of papers in her hand. She IS ABOUT TO GIVE us a quiz!
We use Be About To in speaking, but NOT writing

27. Parallel Verbs (3-10)
Often a subject is followed by two verbs connected with AND. We say these two verbs are parallel:
Verb + and + Verb
Jim makes his bed and cleans his room every morning.
I walk and feed the dogs every day.
She goes to school and works full time.

28. Parallel Verbs (3-10)
It is NOT necessary to repeat a helping verb (an auxiliary verb) when two verbs are the same tense and are connected by and.
Ann is cooking dinner and (is) talking on the phone at the same time.
Jane will see a movie Saturday and (will) go to the party Sunday.
He is going to study tonight for the test and (is going to) write his essay tomorrow.

29. Practice
Complete Exercises 42, 43, and 45 p

30. Quiz: Using Grammar in Writing
Complete Exercise 46, p. 80
Write your paragraph on a separate sheet of paper.
DUE NEXT CLASS