1. The American Revolution 1775-1783
APUSH
Ms. Torre
October 31st, 2017

2. MCQ #7 Stimulus Spend about 15-45 seconds reading the source.
Situate yourself into a period.
Questions 1-2 refer to the following excerpt from a letter written by John Adams:

3. #1
Correct Answer is…B
The Stamp Act deepened the growing divide between the colonies and the British crown. The coloies complained they were being unfairly taxed and included this complaint against King George III in the Declaration of Independence.
What Which of the following examples best supports Adams’ claim?
A – The Battle of Lexington & Concord because the Revolution only broke out after the colonies won the battle.
B – The Stamp Act because it helped unite the colonies.
C – Shay’s Rebellion because it helped inspire the Constitution.
D – The Boston Tea Party because it forced King George to sign the Declaration of Independence.

4. #2
Correct Answer is…C
The actions of King George III and his cabinet turned many colonists into patriots. However, many remained loyal to the crown and thought the Revolution was an act treason.
What statement best describes the British crown’s attitude towards colonies in North America prior to the mid-18th century ?
A – Salutary neglect – the king simultaneously neglected the colonies and praised them.
B – Salutary neglect – the king and his cabinet rarely enforced the rules that governed the colonies, which benefitted as a result.
C – Negligent solitude – the king and his cabinet ordered the colonies to isolate themselves from each other.
D – Negligent solitude – the colonies stopped trading with Britain and suffered as a result.

5. First Continental Congress
September 5th, 1774
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Met because of the Intolerable Acts
Initial purpose to settle colonial concerns and frustrations with the Coercive Acts through discussion
Formulated a plan of action

6. Negotiations and Plans
Talks did not come easily
Distrust and discomfort with negotiations – different colonies, different wants, different needs
Representatives from 12 of the 13 colonies attended (Georgia absent)
John Adams
Sam Adams
George Washington
Patrick Henry
Peyton Randolph (elected President of F.C.C)

7. Negotiations and Plans cont…
Each did agree that the Intolerable Acts were unjust
Suffolk Resolves
preferred violence
Declaration of Independence
peaceful

8. A Plan of Union of Great Britain and the Colonies
Joseph Galloway
Peaceful plan of union between Britain and the colonies in hopes of reconciliation.
Proposed colonies create a form of government to act WITH the British
A colonial parliament and leaders elected by Britain.
REJECTED…

9. Suffolk Resolves Proposed by Joseph Warren (MA) Accepted by Congress
Encouraged Massachusetts to protest against Intolerable Acts
Stockpiling Military Supplies
Operating an Independent Government
Boycotting British Goods
Announcing No Allegiance to Britain and King

10. Colonial Reaction Mixed
Some supported and felt it was an appropriate reaction to the British
Others thought it would cause war

11. Declaration of Rights
Developed by members of Congress that wanted peaceful protest
Included respecting colonists rights
Life, liberty, property, and the right to establish their own taxes
Outlines reasons for rebellion
Boston Port Act
Quebec Act
Oppressive presence of Royal Governors
Unjust taxation

12. Continental Association
Created a boycott of all contact with British goods.

13. F.C.C. continue Meeting adjourned after 51 days
Plans to meet again if Intolerable Acts were not lifted
While Parliament deliberated their next move…
Tensions in the colonies between Loyalists, Patriots, royal governors, British soldiers escalated

14. Parliaments Next Move (New England) Restraining Act King George III
March 30th, 1775
Required colonies to trade ONLY with Great Britain.
WAR IS INEVIATABLE!!!

15. Boston Greatest distrust and anti-British feelings
General Thomas Gage concerned with settling colonist and assuring Britain all was well in the colonies
Conducted routine raids on colonials military supplies
Alerted of colonial militia presence, British head to Concord to squash the situation

16. Lexington and Concord (April 1775)
400 Minutemen
700 British soldiers
Unexpected shot fired…
Colonial commander Major Buttrick yelled “fire!” in response
Colonists successfully force British back to Boston
“THE SHOT HEARD ROUND THE WORLD”

17. Second Continental Congress
Met in Philadelphia three weeks after Lexington and Concord (May 1775)
Every colony represented except Georgia (arrived in fall)
War was in full swing
All agreed to support the war, but argued over purpose

18. Second Continental Congress (cont.)
One side argued for independence (John & Sam Adams, Richard Henry Lee)
Others argued for modest reforms and reconciliation with GB (John Dickson of Pennsylvania)
most searched for a middle ground between both ends

19. Who was there to debate? What was debated?
John Hancock replaced Peyton Randolph
Same faces-Added Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson
Military Matters
George Washington in charge?
Many believed a southerner needed to take the role to gain support of the southern colonies in the war.
Washington arrived in Philly adorned in his military uniform
Positions
Olive Branch Petition
John Dickenson
Declaration of Necessity of Taking up Arms

20. “Olive Branch Petition”(July 5, 1775) “Declaration of the causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms” (July 6,1775)
At first, most Americans believed they were fighting not for independence but for a redress of grievances within the British Empire.
During the first year of fighting, they began to change their minds
costs of the war grew to be too high to justify original aims

21. Olive Branch Petition (cont.)
British recruited African Slaves, Indians and foreign mercenaries known as “Hessians”
British rejection of Olive Branch Petition & the “Prohibitory Act”
closed all colonies to overseas trade
made no concession to American demands
naval blockade

22. Thomas Paine’s “Common Sense”
Became a best seller
Addressed many of the arguments used in support of staying connected or under the authority of Great Britain.
Created discussion throughout the colonies

23. Decision of Independence
1776 Actions of Continental Congress
i. Declared American ports open to the ships of all nations except GB
ii. Entered into negotiations with foreign powers
iii. Recommended to the colonies that they create new a government. One independent of the British
iv. Appointed a committee to draft a Declaration of Independence

24. Thomas Jefferson i. 33 year-old delegate from Virginia
ii. Wrote most of the Declaration of Independence
iii. Assistance from B. Franklin and J. Adams
iv. Much of it came directly from popular propaganda of the time

25. Three Parts of the Declaration of Independence
Part 1: J. Locke: governments formed to protect the rights of life, liberty and property.... TJ changed last part to “pursuit of happiness”
Part 2: listed alleged crimes of the king (aka grievances)
Part 3: Conclusion: due to all of the previous points made; the colonists are now the United States of America and are free and independent of Britain.

26. Effects of the Declaration of Independence
Concept of “all men are created equal” was borrowed from George Mason and helped inspire later movements of liberation within the US
French Revolution
Led to increased foreign aid that would prove vital
Inspired Patriots to reject the idea of a peace that stopped short of winning independence
Created deep divisions within American society
Colonies begin to call themselves states

27. Articles of Confederation
Adopted by CC in 1777, but not finally ratified until 1781
did little more than confirm the weak state system already in place
CC power over individual states limited
did not make it clear that CC was to be a real government
New Nation had to fight a war for survival with a weak and uncertain government

28. The War: Preparation Challenges
raising and organizing armies
providing them with supplies and equipment
paying for it

29. George Washington Nominated to command 1775
Had to deal with short rations
Underpaid soldiers
mutinies
attempted coup at Valley Forge
received help from Marquis de Lafayette (French) and Baron von Steuben (Prussia)

30. Phases of Warfare: New England 1775-1776
Bunker Hill
British leave Boston
Quebec (Canadians denied alliance)

31. Phases of Warfare: Mid-Atlantic Region 1776-1778
British best chance to win
32,000 British vs. 19,000 Americans
Original Strategy was to pinch in from north and south... Howe abandoned that and decided to attack Philadelphia directly (interesting theories about why Howe did this)
Northern Regiment lead by Burgoyne gets surrounded and surrenders at Saratoga
Victory in North lead to alliance with French

32. Phases of Warfare: The South
After French commitment, GB imposed new limits to its level of commitment in the war
British faced problems
underestimated patriot sentiment in the south
loyalists refused to help because they feared patriot response
patriots could blend with population
new kind of combat
British were able to win battles in major cities, but were troubled in countryside
Cornwallis stages several successful battles, but has his forces depleted. He is ordered to wait for new supplies in Yorktown.
Ambushed in Yorktown, forced to surrender Oct. 17, 1781
BUT British still held onto major cities: Savannah, Charleston, Wilmington and New York...

33. Peace of Paris
Cornwallis’s defeat at Yorktown shifted popular opinion in England against the war...
Treaty of Paris Sept. 3, 1783
granted clear-cut recognition of its independence

34. Social Impact of the American Revolution

35. Loyalists 1/5 (maybe 1/3) of white population some office holders
some merchants (most merchants sided with Revolution)
non-city inhabitants
100,000 fled country: England & Canada
wealthy landowners leaving = change in social dynamic

36. Religions A. Anglicans financed by England
by end of war, many perishes had no clergy
B. Quakers
pacifists, thus criticized
limited political prestige
C. Catholics
strengthened due to support for Patriots
French alliance brings chaplains with troops
Vatican provided the US with it’s own catholic hierarchy
D. Church and State
most states moved quickly in the direction of religious freedom
“Statute of Religious Freedom” Thomas Jefferson

37. Native Americans
“To most Indians, the revolution threatened to replace a ruling group in which they had developed at least some measure of trust (the British) with one they considered generally hostile to them (the Patriots).” Brinkley p. 170

38. Revolutionary Era Women
A. Departure of men to fight left women in charge of farms and businesses
some success
some dislocation
B. Rebellion
C. On the Front Line
many women driven from homes
served as auxiliary, cooks, laundry, nurses, morale = VALUABLE
gender roles transcended
war called to question the traditional roles of women

39. Slavery A. During Revolution B. During Legislation
British army wished to liberate slaves to disrupt Patriot cause
emancipated and led thousands of slaves out of the country
exposure to liberty
whites in S.C. and Georgia were hesitant to join in fear of slave rebellion
Georgia, slaves were half of population
SC, slaves were a majority
B. During Legislation
New England and Penn. abolished it
Virginia passed a law encouraging manumission (freeing of slaves)
But slavery survives
assumptions about the natural inferiority of Africans
enormous economic investments of white southerners

40. Daniel Shays Early Financial Woes Soldiers consumer indebtedness
postwar depression
inadequate money supply
biggest failure of Continental Congress
Soldiers
Government owed backpay to soldiers
power of taxation limited
Fed. only received 1/6 of the money requisitioned from the states
Government defaulted on obligations

41. Shay’s Rebellion Absence of Central Government
domestic debt fell on states hands and thus state taxes
state creditors, i.e. bondholders this was good policy
poor farmers, burdened by debt, considered taxes unfair and tyrannical
many lost property and went to jail
Daniel Shays and Job Shatuck, leaders of the Mass. Rebellion, aka Shay’s Rebellion
Daniel Shay’s and his army of farmers protesting the unfair taxation, sitting in front of a court house in Mass. Before heading to the federal arsenal, with 1,200 men, later defeated by Washington and his force of 15,000

42. Shay’s Rebellion Soldiers plight Rebellion
no paycheck from war to pay off debts
no currency to assist them in the matter
Rebellion
Daniel Shays, former army captain
summer of 1787 set out to Boston to confront
wealthy merchants took out loan to finance counter army
Shays army scattered in hillside amidst a snowstorm

43. Shay’s Rebellion Demonstrated need for strong, central government
Effects
military disaster (not successful)
Shays was first sentenced to death, but later pardoned and given tax relief
Demonstrated need for strong, central government