1. Chapter 7 Shi’is & Turks Crusaders & Mongols
“Muslim civilization survived because a growing majority of people wanted to keep the coherent and comprehensive way of life made possible by Islam” (p.88)

2. “As political unity broke down in the 9th and 10th centuries, various dynastic states emerged in the Middle East and North Africa”
dynasty – a succession of rulers from the same line of descent
Fatimid Caliphate emerges in Egypt, expands rule to Syria and Palestine.
Claimed descent from Fatima, MH’s wife
Chose site in Egypt for capital of Islamic empire. Named it “al-Qahira” or “Cairo” – which means “conqueror”
Fatimids rule Egypt for two centuries
Allowed for religious freedom

3. 1025 AD

5. Cairo, Egypt

6. Enter Da’ Turks Buyids captured Baghdad from Abbasids in 945.
Turks came from lands stretching from Mongolia to Ukraine
Mainly through border contact, the Turks get turned on to Islam
The “Seljuk Dynasty” of Turks is very powerful. They enter Baghdad in 1055 to revive caliphal authority of Abbasids. The Turco-Abbasid alliance is cemented through the marriage of the Seljuk leader to the caliph’s sister

7. Seljuks go on to conquer Azerbaijan, Armenia and finally most of Anatolia following a major victory against the Byzantines
Seljuk empire begins to crumble in 1092, lose all lands except Anatolia. The Seljuk transformed the M. East in the following ways:
Influx of Turkic tribes from Central Asia
Turkification of northern Iraq, eastern Iran, most of Azerbaijan and Anatolia
Development of the “Madrassa”, a mosque school for training Ulamas
Weakened influence of the Byzantines

8. Fullest Extent of Seljuk Empire

9. Roman Crusades
Byzatine Romans seek help as Muslims continue to encroach
Pope Urban II heeded the call (mostly to flex the papacy’s power)
Thousands of Europeans left their homes in response to the Pope’s call

10. Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont giving a passionate sermon to take back the Holy Land
1095

11. Romans take Antioch after a 9 month siege
Progress south along Syrian coast and reached the walls of Jerusalem in After six weeks, Crusaders breached the walls and took Jerusalem
Crusaders formed four new states

13. Siege of Antioch

14. Crusades Continued Muslims don’t react initially to First Crusade
Mosul governor, Zengi, captures Edessa, sparking the Second Roman Crusade (which was a failure). Zengi goes on to capture all of Syria except the coast
Salah-al-din (Saladin), leader of Fatimids, fends of Crusader attempts to take Egypt.
Saladin engages in conflict with Zengi, and wins, now controlling Syria. Further, he takes Jerusalem and Palestine from Crusaders. However, he fails to dislodge Crusaders from the Syrian coast
Led by Richard I, a Third Crusade is launched to try and retake the Holy Land. With some military successes, Richard is able to conclude a treaty w/ Saladin: Muslims would retain control of Jerusalem, but unarmed Christian pilgrims could visit the city freely
Egypt and Syria unite under the “Ayyubid Dynasty” for two generations after Saladin
“Saladin is revered as a symbol of Muslim resistance to the Christian West” (p.101)

15. Saladin
(from a 15th century depiction)

16. “The Eagle of Saladin”
As it appears in the Egyptian Coat of Arms

17. Mongol Invasion (1200’s)
Mongols were nomads inhabiting the Gobi Desert north of China
In 12th century, a warrior chieftain, Jenghiz Khan, united the eastern Mongol tribes into a confederation
Began attacking Muslim lands in Central Asia. RUTHLESS
After taking Azerbaijan, Mongols able to attack Christians to west and Muslims to south

18. 1025 AD

19. Mongol Invasion (con’t)
In 1258, Mongols take Baghdad and destroy everything
Mongols move on Damascus. Never reached Egypt, as Helegu Khan goes home upon news that his brother, the Mongol emperor, had died. Muslims then repel Mongol forces left behind
* Helegu returns to Iraq, where he settles down, embraces Persian culture and Islam!